Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications

Artificial Intelligence and robotics ApplicationsI. IntroductionArtificial news program(AI) is theintelligenceof machines and the branch of computing device disciplinethat aims to create it. Textbooks define the field of operations as the study and design ofintelligent agents,1where an intelligent agent is a administration that perceives its milieu and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.2John Mc cable carthy, who take uped the term in 1956,3defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the claim that a central property of solid ground, intelligence-thesapienceofHomo sapiens- place be so simply set forth that it crapper be imitate by a machine.This raises philosophic issues to the highest layer the nature of themindand limits of scientifichubris, issues which nourish been addressed bymyth,fictionandphilosophysince antiquity.6Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,7 scarce has in slightly(prenominal) case suffered setbacks8and, today, has ferment an essential part of the technology pains, providing the heavy hoisting for many a nonher(prenominal) of the approximately(prenominal) vexed problems in computer science. AI research is highly technical and specialized, profoundly divided into subfields that ofttimes fail to communicate with each other.10Subfields conduct crowing up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specialised problems, long stand differences of opinion near how AI should be d unity and the industrys programme of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI intromit such traits as reasoning, bopledge, provision, learning, communication, intuition and the ability to move and manipulate objects.11General intelligence (or strong AI) is stock- unflustered a long-term goal of ( some) research.AI plays a major bureau in the field of robotics. The wordrobot deal refer to two physical robots andvirtualsoftw ar agents, but the latter atomic number 18 comm merely referred to asbots.3There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is oecumenical agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following move around, operate a windup(prenominal) limb, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behaviour, especially behaviour which mimics pityings or other animals. There is conflict ab unwrap whether the term gouge be utilize to remotely operated devices, as the most reciprocal usance implies, or solely to devices which be controlled by their softw ar without homophile intervention. InSouth Africa,robotis an in baronial and commonly physical exercised term for a set of traffic lights. It is difficult to comp atomic number 18 adds of robots in antithetical countries, since there are different interpretations of what a robot is.TheInternational formation for Standardizati ongives a definition of robot inISO 8373 an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more than(prenominal) axes, which may be any fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.5This definition is utilise by the International partnership of Robotics, theEuropean Robotics Research Network(EURON), and many national standards committees. The Robotics Institute of the States (RIA) uses a broader definition a robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator knowing to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.7The RIA subdivides robots into four classes devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with mold cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, and robots of this last type which a akin acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response. There is no one definition of robot which satisfies e rattlingone, and many people have their own.8For example,Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked I hatfult define a robot, but I know one when I see one.9According to cyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaces pitying effort, though it may not resemble adult male beings in appearance or perform functions in a homosexuallike manner.10Merriam-Websterdescribes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs unhomogeneous Byzantine acts (as walking or talking) of a human being, or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks, or a mechanism guided by automatic controls. Modern robots are normally utilize in tightly controlled environments such as on collection linesbecause they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this, most humans seldom kick pilest line of works robots. However,domestic robotsfor cleaning and maintenance are progressively common in and around homes in developed countries, particularly in lacquer. Robots tolerate in addition be found in themilitary.II. HISTORYMechanical orformal reasoninghas been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity. The study of logic led directly to the invention of theprogrammable digital electronic computer, based on the work ofmathematicianAlan Turingand others. Turings guess of computationsuggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1, could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.23This, along with recent disc all overies inneurology,information theoryandcybernetics, inspired a clear group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.24The field of AI research was founded ata conferenceon the campus ofDartmouth Collegein the summer of 1956.25The attendees , including John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky,Allen NewellandHerbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.26They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing27computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving ratiocinative theorems and speaking English.28By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by theDepartment of Defense29and laboratories had been established around the world.30AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the coming(prenominal) of the new fieldHerbert Simon predicted that machines depart be capable, within twenty long judgment of conviction, of doing any work a man can do31andMarvin Minsky agreed, writing that within a generation the problem of creating stilted intelligence will substantially be solved.32In the archean 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercializedised success ofexpert systems,35a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical s shoot s of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the homogeneous time, Japansfifth generation computerproject inspired the U.S and British governments to renew funding for academic research in the field.36Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long history but fully autonomousmachines only appeared in the 20th century. The firstdigitallyoperated and programmable robot, theUnimate, was installed in 1961 to lift virulent pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial andindustrial robotsare in widespread use execute jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, atrocious or dull to be driveable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, acres and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and i ndustrial goods.4 The wordrobotwas introduced to the public by CzechwriterKarel apek in his playR.U.R. (Rossums popular Robots), published in1920.16The play begins in afactorythat makes artificial people calledrobots, but they are closer to the modern ideas ofandroids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem joyous to serve. At issue is whether therobotsare beingexploitedand the consequences of their treatment. However, Karel apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to anetymologyin theOxford English Dictionaryin which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef apek, as its developed originator.16In an article in the Czech journalLidov novinyin 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatureslaboi(fromLatinlabor, work). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti.III. FIELDS OF bionic INTELLIGENCEA. Combinat orial SearchMany problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently meddling through many achievable solutions96Reasoningcan be trim down to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads frompremises to conclusions, where each step is the application of aninference rule.97Planningalgorithms search through trees of goals and sub goals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process calledmeans-ends abbreviation.98Roboticsalgorithms for moving limbs and hold on objects uselocal searchesin configuration space.67Manylearningalgorithms use search algorithms based onoptimization. Simple exhaustive searches99are seldom sufficient for most real world problems thesearch space(the anatomy of places to search) quickly grows toastronomicalnumbers. The result is a search that istoo blackor neer ceases. The solution, for many problems, is to use heuristics or rules of thumb that authorize choices that are unlikely to lead t o the goal (called pruningthesearch tree).Heuristics supply the program with a best guess for what path the solution lies on.100A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory ofoptimization. For many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and whence refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be examined as blindhill climbing we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top. Other optimization algorithms aresimulated annealing, shine searchandrandom optimization.101Evolutionary computationuses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine,selectingonly the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Forms ofevolutionary computationincludeswarm inte lligencealgorithms (such asant colonyor atom swarm optimization) andevolutionary algorithmsB. Neural NetworkA neural net income is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network ofneuronsin thehuman brain. The study ofartificial neural networks127began in the decade before the field AI research was founded, in the work ofWalter PittsandWarren McCullough. Other authoritative early researchers wereFrank Rosenblatt, who invented the perceptionandPaulwerbos who developed theback propagationalgorithm.134The main categories of networks are acyclic orfeed forward neural networks(where the signboard passes in only one direction) and perennial neural networks(which allow feedback). Among the most popular feed forward networks areperceptions,multi-layer perceptionsandradial basis networks.135Among re new networks, the most famous is theHopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described byJohn Hopfieldin 1982.Neural networks can be applied to the problem ofintel ligent control(for robotics) orlearning, using such techniques asHebbian learningandcompetitive learning.137Jeff Hawkinsargues that research in neural networks has stalled because it has failed to model the essential properties of theneocortex, and has suggested a model (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) that is based on neurological research.C. ApproachesThere is no established unifying theory orparadigmthat guides AI research. Researchers discord about many issues.76A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these should artificial intelligence simulate inseparable intelligence, by studying psychologyorneurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as poultry biology is toaeronautical engineering?Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such aslogicoroptimization)? Or does it necessarily pick up solving a large number of entyrely unrelated problems?78Can intelligence be re evolved using high-level symbol s, resembling to words and ideas? Or does it require sub-symbolic processing?79D. General Intelligence master(prenominal) articlesStrong AIandAI-complete or so researchers hope that their work will at long last be incorporated into a machine withgeneral Intelligence (known asstrong AI),combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.12A few believe thatanthropomorphicfeatures likeartificial consciousnessor an artificial brainmay be required for such a project.74Eliezer Yudkowskyhas argued for the importance offriendly artificial intelligence, to less(prenominal)en the risks of an uncontrolled intelligence explosion. The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligenceis utilise to creating such an AI. Many of the problems above are consideredAI-complete to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, nonetheless a straightforward, specific task likemachine translationrequires that the machine follow the authors argument (reaso n), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the authors intention (social intelligence).Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete it may requirestrong AIto be done as well as humans can do it.75E. PlanningIntelligent agents must be able to set goals and win them.56They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will transform it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility(or value) of the available choices.57In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of its actions may be.58However, if this is not true, it must periodically check if the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.59Multi-agent planninguses thecooperationandcompeti tionof many agents to achieve a given goal.Emergent behaviorsuch as this is used bye volutionary algorithmsandswarm intelligence.F. LearningMachine learninghas been central to AI research from the beginning.62Unsupervised learningis the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.Supervised learningincludes bothclassificationand numerical regression. salmagundi is used to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories. Regression takes a set of numerical input/ getup examples and attempts to discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs. In supporting learning63the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. These can be analyse in terms ofdecision theory, using concepts likeutility. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch oftheoretical computer scienceknown as computational learning theoryG. effect And Manipu lationThe field ofrobotics66is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation67andnavigation, with sub-problems oflocalization(knowing where you are), chromosome mapping(learning what is around you) andmotion planning(figuring out how to get there).H. Knowledge standardKnowledge representationandknowledge engineeringare central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require abundant knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are objects, properties, categories and relations between objects45situations, events, states and time46causes and effects47knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know)and many other, less well researched domains. A complete representation of what exists is anontology(borrowing a word from traditionalphilosophy), of which the most general are calledupper ontologies.I. Natural Language ProcessingNatural row p rocessing64gives machines the ability to read and understand the lyric poems that humans speak. Many researchers hope that a sufficiently powerful natural language processing system would be able to acquire knowledge on its own, by reading the active text available over the internet. Some straightforward applications of natural language processing includeinformation retrieval(ortext mining) andmachine translation.IV. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTSRobotics has been of matter to to mankind for over one hundred years. However our perception of robots has been influenced by the media and Hollywood.One may ask what robotics is about? In my eyes, a robots characteristics change depending on the environment it operates in. Some of these areA. Outer Space artful arms that are controlled by a human are used to unload the docking bay of space shuttles to launch satellites or to manufacture a space stationB. The Intelligent HomeAutomated systems can now monitor home security, environmental conditi ons and energy usage. Door and windows can be opened automatically and appliances such as lighting and air conditioning can be pre programmed to activate. This assists occupants irrespective of their state of mobility.C. ExplorationRobots can visit environments that are harmful to humans. An example is monitoring the environment deep down a volcano or exploring our deepest oceans. NASA has used robotic probes for planetary exploration since the early sixties.D. Military RobotsAirborne robot drones are used for surveillance in todays modern army. In the future automated aircraft and vehicles could be used to break away fuel and ammunition or clear minefieldsE. FarmsAutomated harvesters can reduce and gather crops. Robotic dairies are available allowing operators to feed and milk their cows remotely.F. The Car IndustryRobotic arms that are able to perform multiple tasks are used in the car manufacturing process. They perform tasks such as welding, cutting, lifting, kind and bendin g. Similar applications but on a smaller scale are now being planned for the food processing industry in particular the trimming, cutting and processing of various meats such as fish, lamb, beef.G. Hospitals down the stairs development is a robotic suit that will enable nurses to lift patients without minus their backs. Scientists in Japan have developed a power-assisted suit which will give nurses the extra muscle they need to lift their patients- and bend back injuries. The suit was designed by Keijiro Yamamoto, a professor in the welfare-systems engineering department at Kanagawa Institute of Technology outside Tokyo. It will allow caregivers to easily lift bed-ridden patients on and off beds. In its current state the suit has an aluminium exoskeleton and a tangle of wires and compressed-air lines trailing from it. Its proceeds lies in the huge impact it could have for nurses. In Japan, the population senior 14 and under has declined 7% over the past five years to 18.3 gazil lion this year. Providing care for a growing elderly generation poses a major challenge to the government.Robotics may be the solution. Research institutions and companies in Japan have been trying to create robotic nurses to substitute for humans. Yamamoto has taken another border on and has decided to create a device designed to help human nurses.In tests, a nurse weighing 64 kilograms was able to lift and carry a patient weighing 70 kilograms. The suit is link up to the wearers back with straps and belts. Sensors are placed on the wearers muscles to measure strength. These send the entropy back to a microcomputer, which calculates how much more power is needed to complete the lift effortlessly.The computer, in turn, powers a chain of actuators or inflatable cuffs that are attached to the suit and worn under the elbows, lower back and knees. As the wearer lifts a patient, compressed air is pushed into the cuffs, applying extra force to the arms, back and legs. The degree of a ir pressure is automatically adjusted according to how much the muscles are flexed. A distinct advantage of this system is that it assists the wearers knees, being only one of its kind to do so.A number of hurdles are still faced by Yamamoto. The suit is unwieldy, the wearer cant climb stairs and number is awkward. The design weight of the suit should be less than 10 kilograms for snug use. The latest prototype weighs 15 kilograms. Making it lighter is technically possible by using smaller and lighter actuators. The prototype has cost less than 1 million ($8,400) to develop. But earlier versions developed by Yamamoto over the past 10 years cost upwards of 20 million in government development grants.H. Disaster AreasSurveillance robots fitted with advanced detecting and imaging equipment can operate in hazardous environments such as urban setting damaged by earthquakes by scanning walls, floors and ceilings for geomorphologic integrity.I. EntertainmentInteractive robots that exhib it behaviours and learning ability. SONY has one such robot which moves freely, plays with a ball and can respond to verbal instructions.V. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTSA. Business BenefitsRobots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks. Since they never tire and can work nonstop without breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterpartsB. Management BenefitsRobot employees never call in sick, never waste time and rarely require preparation time before working. With robots, a manager never has to worry about high employee turnover or unfilled positionsC. Employee BenefitsRobots can do the work that no one else wants to do-the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs. Common Misconception about Robots Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the excreta of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers.D. Consumer Be nefitsRobots produce high quality goods Since robots produce so many quality goods in a shorter amount of time than humans, we reap the benefits of cheaper goods. Since the products are produced more quickly, this significantly reduces the amount of time that we are forced to wait for products to come to the marketplaceVI. SHORTCOMINGSFears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. (SeeThe Terminator,Runaway,Blade Runner,Robocop,the Replicators inStargate,the Cylons inBattlestar Galactica,The Matrix,THX-1138, andI, Robot.) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own bundle and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are2001 A Space Odyssey, scarlet Planet, Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the uncanny valley, of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely.99Frankenstein(1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator. In the TV show, Futurama, the robots are portrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans, not as robotic butlers. They still work in industry, but these robots carry out daily lives.Manuel De Landahas noted that smart missiles and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.100 vulturous robots may have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes an actual danger. A heavy industrial robot with powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a humans foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them from human workers, but not all. Two robot-caused deaths are those of Robert Williams andKenji Urada. Robert Williams was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant in plane Rock, Michiganon January 25, 1979.10137-year-oldKenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, was killed in 1981 Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into agrinding machine.VII. CONCLUSIONSIf the current developments are to be believed then the next wave of robots will have a supernatural affinity with humans with the help of AI. The Indian automotive industry has finally ignite to the fact that robotics is not just about saving labour, but it also helps companies significantly to step up productivity and quality to meet the demands of multinational competition. Industrial robots can be involved in production industry because of its less time consumption, accuracy of work, and less labour. As globalization accelerates, robotics is increasingly vital to maintain the health of the industrial sector and keep manufacturing jobs at home. Now more than ever, the need to stay competitive is a number one wood for investing in robotics. Companies in all over the world are often faced with difficult choices Do they send their manufacturing to low-cost producers abroad? Or, do they invest in robotics to continue making products here? We decide that more companies are realizing that robotics is the better option.