Bio book outline

All organisms in the forest Population- Group of relatable monkeys , all Individuals In a single comp atomic number 53ntic number 18a Organism ring tailed lemur an Individual animation thing Organ system- Nervous system ,nervous system controls Its actions, organs running(a) getter. Organ- made up of, similar cells that performs a particularized function waver Cell-fundamental unit of life Organelle- membrane enclosed social organization that performs a specific function Molecule- cluster of small chemic units atoms held unitedly by molecular(a) get Deoxyribonucleic vinegarish CHI. Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass Element- a substance that cant be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. 92 elements Compound-two or to a greater extent contrastive elements combined in a unbending ratio. More common than l angiotensin converting enzyme elements. Trace elements- in the body merely make up about 0. 04% of your body weight but full of lif e for energy processing. Electrons- two revolve on an orbital(discrete volume of space where E be found) any(prenominal)what the nucleus at about the speed of light.Move around the nucleus solitary(prenominal) at specific energy levels called Electron Shells Protons + Neutrons = circle The number of ejectors In an atoms satellite valence shell determines Its overall chemical properties. Atomic number-the first number (number of protons) particles and energy. Medical diagnosis and treatment employ to tag chemicals that accumulate in the body Phosphorous in b iodines, salt away a tracer isotope. PET scanner produces an image of where the radiation collects, Shimmers patient. Deposits of organisation in the brain beta-myeloid show up on PET.This test allows researchers to supervise the effectiveness of new drugs on people. Orbital- 1. each(prenominal)(prenominal) ring can still have 2 electrons, 2. 2nd and 3rd ring four orbital, outside ring can hold 8 3. Number of elect rons increases from left field to overcompensate per. Table valence Shell- Number of electrons on satellitemost ring. Determines an atoms. Chemical properties. Valence number number of additional electrons needed to fill the threshold, confiscateing substance Chemical Bonds two atoms with incomplete tortoiseshells react and donate electrons to complete their outer shells.Covalent Bond two atoms sh atomic number 18 one or much pairs of outer shells. TWO or more than atoms that share this bond are called Molecule. Electronegative- an toms attractiveness for divided electrons. Unpopular covalent bonds- electrons shared evenly between atoms. When atoms of a grain equally pull on electrons. Happens in molecules of very(prenominal) elements. Methane as well has a unpopular bond because atomic number 6 and atomic number 1 atoms rant that antithetic. 02, piss Polar covalent bonds- Molecules with different electromagnetisms attract.The unequal share of electrons, pulling sh ared negatively charges closer to a the more electronegative atom. piss 0 Oxygen is slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive. Unequal sharing of electrons. Polar Molecule- polar covalent bond and V rule molecule. or so unequal distribution of charges. Slightly negative points at the V. H2O 0 Slightly positive on hydrogen, points to the O Ion- an atom or molecule with an electrical charge due to gain or loss of one or more electrons. 1 Two ions with opposite charges attract catheter. When the tenderness holds together its an Ionic Bond.Salt- sodium chloride Nasal, crystals in nature. Sodium chloride always 11 ratio. An Hydrogen Bond- a weaker bond that holds together briefly than separates. The charged regions in each wet molecule are attracted to opposite put down charged regions on neighbor molecules. Because the positively charged region in this bond is always a hydrogen atom it gets its name. Each hydrogen of a water molecule can form a hydrogen bond with a nearby partial negative type O of another(prenominal) water molecule. Can bond to as many as 4 partners. Heat absorbed when they break, heat is released when they form. When it cools) Overarching Theme The structures of atoms and molecules determines the way they behave. Reactant- Starting genuines to the left of the arrow Product- to the right , results from chemical chemical reaction. Cohesion-the tendency for molecules of the same kid to abide together. The evaporation of water is an upward force on the water deep down a leaf. Adhesion- the clinging of one substance to another. Counters the downward pull of gravity, water gummy to the veins of a dress. Surface tension- the measure of how difficult it is to break or spread the go forth of a liquid.Hydrogen bonds gig water an unusually high surface tension Evaporative Cooling- When a substance evaporates and the surface of the liquid that importants cools down. The molecules with the great energy leave. Solution- A uniform mixtur e of two or more substances. The dissolving agent is the Solvent (water) and a substance that is dissolved (salt) is the solute. sedimentary Solution- where water is the solvent. How salt mixes with water. The partial negative Oxygen in H2O is attracted to the slightly positive An+ sodium ions and the slightly positive hydrogen ions are attracted to the slightly negative chloride CLC- Dissociate-break apart into ions.Hydrogen ions H+ and Hydroxide OH- re truly reactive. Some chemicals contribute H=, some remove. A impound that donates H+ to solutions is Acid- has a higher concentration of H+ them from a solution. More base solution has higher hydroxide OH- and lower hydrogen H+. PH scale- potential odd hydrogen. O most acidic, 14 most basic. Each unit represents a liquid oxygen times change. PH 2 has lox more H+ than pH 3. 7 is equal. PH of blood blood plasma is about 7. 4 Buffers-biological substances that minimize changes in PH. Blood buffers acid more than water. Acid Rain- pr ecipitation with pH lower than 5. Ocean acidification- dissolving CA in seawater lowers oceans PH. CA reacts with water to create cytosineic acid. Calcification, how some organism produce shells. Heat- the centre of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of water. Temperature- measures the intensity of the heat. The average speed of molecules rather than the total amount of heat. Chapter 3. The molecules of cells (crabs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid) Variety of polymers makes up for uniqueness of species. Living organisms built from the same 20 aminic acids.Small molecules common to all are ordered into large molecules which commute from species to species. coulomb is attached to almost all molecules a cell makes and is unprecedented in its ability to form large and complex molecules. Organic Compounds- degree Celsius-based compounds, Carbon has 4 electrons on the valence shell that holds 8, room for 4 covalent bonds. A great connecting poin t to line up 4 different directions. Hydrocarbons- compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon. Methane, and propane are hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon skeleton in the closet- reach of carbon atoms in an fundamental molecule.Can be branched or unbranded may include double bonds and some are in rings. Isomers- Compounds with the same look but different structural arrangements. Some molecules can have the same number of atoms, but have different three emotional shapes because of the hole of the double bond. Sometimes harmful effects. One isomer of methamphetamine is the addictive immoral drug. The other is medicine for sinus congestion. The shape of a molecule determines the it functions in the body. Different shapes of isomers result in unique properties and greatly add to mixture of organic molecules. deliquescent- water loving, soluble in water. The first 5 available radicals act this way. Hydroxyl, carbonylic, carbonyl, amino, phosphate. Groups, hydroxyl, amino, and phosph ate dont contain Carbon 1 . Hydroxyl- hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen, then binned to carbon skeleton. Alcohols. 2. Carbonyl- carbon atom linked with double bond to oxygen. If carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton its an allayed. If its within the orbit it is called a ketene. 3. Carbonyl- carbon double bond to an oxygen atom and also a hydroxyl group.Carboxylic acids. Acetic acid same(p) vinegar. 4. Amino group-nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton. Iconic compounds with an amino group are called Amines. The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. They contain an amino and carbonyl group. 5. Phosphate group- phosphorous bonded to 4 oxygen atoms. Compounds with hostage groups are called organic phosphates- involved in energy transfer TAP. 6. Methyl group- Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen. Compounds with methyl groups are called mentholated compounds.Macromolecules- crabs, proteins, nucleic acids might be gigantic, thousands of a toms. Polymers- durance of smaller molecules. Consists of many identical or similar building blocks. drying up Reaction, a reaction that removes a molecule of water. Cells link monomers to make polymers this way. relate two monomers together Hydrolysis- the breaking down of macromolecules, digesting polymers to make monomers available. In digestion, the proteins are broken down into amino acids by hydrolysis, new proteins are organise in your body cells from these monomers in vapor reactions.Both vapour and hydrolysis require enzymes- specialize macromolecules that speed of the chemical reaction in cells. Proteins- are built of only 20 amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid is built from Just 4 kinds of monomers called Nucleotides Carbohydrate- a class of molecules ranging from small sugar macroeconomics, to large polysaccharide Crab monomers are monsoons ( single sugars) glucose and fructose Disaccharide- cells construct one of these from two incarcerations by dehydration actio n. Sucrose most common, (glucose linked to fructose) from sugarcane and sugar beets.Maltose also common, beer, malted milk milk, High fructose corn syrup- the missionaries of sucrose Polysaccharide- are macromolecules, thousands of monomaniacs linked together by dehydration reactions. Glycogen, and cellulose. Starch- Storage polysaccharide in plants of all glucose monomers. Bans from which plant cells gather glucose for energy. Glycogen- animals store glucose this way, a different polysaccharide. Stored in your liver and pass cells. Cellulose- tough walls that surround the cell, most abundant compound.Not a nutrient for populace because animals cant hydrology the linkages. The cellulose that phosphorous the body unchanged is called insoluble fiber. Bath tools are generally cellulose, very hydrophilic absorbs water because of hydroxyl groups. Chitin- another polysaccharide utilize by insects and crustaceans to build their cells, Both starch and cellulose and polymers of glucose b ut have different shaped bonds. Starch is for sugar storage, cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that is the primary(prenominal) material of the plant cell wall.Lipids- diverse compounds grouped together because of one trait they dont mix ell in water. Hydrogen and carbon linked by unpopular covalent bonds. Lipids are Hydrophobic- water fearing Fat- a large lipid made up of smaller molecules glycerol and fat person acids. Glycerol an local anaesthetic with three carbons, each with a hydroxyl group (OH-). + a hydrocarbon chain (16-18 carbon atoms in Engel) the unpopular hydrocarbon is why fats are hydrophobic. Unsaturated fat acid- has one fewer hydrogen atom on each carbon of the double bond.Saturated Fatty acids- Fatty acids with no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Corn Oil, Olive oil, veggie oil. Trans Fats- When you see hydrogenated vegetable oil, unsaturated fats have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydr ogen. Health risks, contribute to cardiovascular disease plaque, Omega-3 acids protect A monounsaturated fat has fatty acid with a single double bond in its carbon chain. A Polyunsaturated fat has a fatty acid with several double bonds.Phosphoric- major component of cell membranes. acquit only two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three. Hydrophilic phosphate on one end and hydrophobic fatty acids on the other trap water inside, the membrane. Steroids- are lipids with four fused carbon skeleton rings. Cholesterol- common in animal cell membranes, starting material for making steroids and sex hormones. Proteins-a polymer arrangement of 20 amino acids 20 amino monomers. Amino Acids- all have an amino group and a carbonyl group, which makes it acid.Peptide Bond- Cells Join amino acids together In a dehydration reaction that that links the carbonyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed. Both depicted and disaccharide the monomers are Joined by dehydration reactions. Denomination- polypeptide chains unravel loosing their specific shape and function The function of each protein is a con grade of its specific shape, which is lost when protein denatures. A proteins shape depends on four levels of structure Primary Structure- is its unique sequence of amino acids Secondary- helical of a polypeptide into local patterns..Cooling of the polypeptide chain in a secondary structure called an ALPHA HELIX, leads to a BETA PLEATED SHEATH. Tertiary- the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide, determines the function of a protein. Quaternary structure- two or more polypeptide chains one macromolecule. Collagen, a fibrous protein with three helical polypeptides intertwined into a larger ripple helix. Incorrectly folded proteins = alchemies and Parkinson. If a genetic mutation changes the prime structure of a protein, how might this destroy the protein functions?The amino acid sequence affects the sec ondary structure, which affects the tertiary, then the quarterly, Thus the primary structure determines the shape of a protein, its function depends on shape. A chaos could eliminate function. Nucleic Acids Gene- the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of reticence. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two polymers called nucleic acid. One of the too polymers called Nucleic acid. Provided direction for its own replication, as a cell divides its genetic instructions are passed to each daughter cell.ribonucleic acid- ribonucleic acid, illustrates the main roles of the SE two types of nucleic acids the production of proteins. A gene directs the synthesis of an RNA molecule. RNA cell. Translates nucleic acid language into protein language Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides- the monomers that make up nucleic acids. Each contain 3 parts, At the center a fiver carbon sugar, negatively charged phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Each DN A nucleotide has one of four nitrogenous bases, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, ND Guanine. RNA contains, clog up U racial instead of thymine.