Chinese Economy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese Economy - Case Study Example China has embraced SEZs because of their varied economic activities (Wei, 47). They embrace a number of economic activities including manufacturing, tourism, real estate development, agriculture and commerce. EPZs and SEZs are different in that EPZ are industrial estates whilst SEZ are industrial townships with fully developed infrastructure. Other differences include; there is no minimum export performance stipulation for SEZ units unlike EPZ and retention of a hundred percent export earnings by SEZs which are restricted to seventy percent in EPZs. Custom and central expurgate processes are simplified in SEZs, and EPZs are usually found in countries with a market economy whereas SEZs are located in transition economies. There are a number of similarities between them which may include among others; conditions under which EPZs and SEZs operate are almost the same, tax exemption is given to investors, they cover large tracts of land, both contribute to the overall economy of the country and offer employment to thousands of residents. Lianxiang Company (Lenovo) was founded in 1984 in Beijing. Then, there were over 100,000 personal computers in China. Lianxiang Company's most crucial initial success was to recognize the importance of coming up a Chinese character computer system permitting 1.3 billion Chinese to enter the computing age. Using the brand name Legend, Lianxiang enabled the conversion of English software into Chinese characters. It later changed its name to Lenovo. Lenovo owes much of its achievement to its ability of establishing a legal domicile and increasing its capital in Hong Kong. Lenovo got its initial finances from the Chinese Academy of Sciences but from then it on secured all of its investments from Hong Kong. In 1988, it received US $116,000 from the Hong Kong-based Corporation, China Technology to invest in a joint venture and later went public on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. To that extent, Lenovo became a Foreign Invested Enterprise (FIE). As an FIE, Lenovo was capable of operating in greater regulatory space and with more autonomy. Chinese laws then provided a more liberal operating space for foreign-registered companies. It should be noted that Lenovo is ran and managed by Chinese but co-owned by foreign investors (Shan and Elfring 74). Lenovo's story illustrate an astounding period in China's modern history as an era of authoritarian, economic and political policies which gave way to a friendlier economic systems. Lenovo is often publicized as a product of China's unusual business environment. In 2004, Lenovo acquired IBM, proving a positive of China's fertile entrepreneurial environment and rising competitiveness. World-sourcing is the secret behind the success of Lenovo. Lenovo believes not in outsourcing but world-sourcing. Another reason for Lenovo's success is that their products persistently aim to provide the best services to their consumers. 3. Explain the concept of comparative advantage between two countries. Comparative advantage occurs when a nation has a margin of superiority in the

Douglas MacArthur Essay Example for Free

Douglas MacArthur Essay Carlos Peà ±a Romulo once wrote that each of his careers â€Å"might have been lived in a different country and a different age.† Soldier, journalist, educator, author, and diplomat, he was a definitive world figure of the 20th century. Romulo grew up in the town of Camiling in the province of Tarlac in northern Philippines. He was born within the Spanish walled city of Intramuros, Manila, on January 14, 1898, at the twilight of one colonial regime and the dawning of another. His father, Gregorio, fought in the revolution for Philippine independence against Spain and, until surrender, America. The bitterness of the conflicts left an impression on the young boy—marking â€Å"the beginnings of a rebel,† as he called it—and he made a promise never to smile at an American soldier. His levelheaded father eventually welcomed American schoolteachers who came to Tarlac to teach English, however, becoming the first of the town’s elders to learn the language. Likewise, the young Romulo’s hatred abated not only because of his father’s example but also because he became friendly with an American sergeant. His father’s dream of an independent and democratic Philippines lived on. One of the last to take his oath of allegiance to America, the elder Romulo learned to accept the foreign power’s rulings except—as the young Romulo recounts in his memoirs—â€Å"in the manner of the flag.† â€Å"The American law says we cannot display our flag in any public place,† Gregorio Romulo told his family. â€Å"Well, my bedroom is not a public place.† In World War II Romulo was aide-de-camp to General Douglas MacArthur. As a journalist he wrote a series of articles, after a tour of the Far East, about Japanese imperialism, and predicted an attack on the United States. For this he won the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism for Distinguished Correspondence, and it was MacArthur himself who delivered to his friend the good news. His skill at using words made Romulo the logical choice to become â€Å"the Voice of Freedom,† which broadcasted news of the war effort to Filipinos and Americans alike. Often contrary to Japanese propaganda, Romulo’s reports earned the ire of the enemy, who put a price on his head. But Romulo kept broadcasting until the Fall of Bataan, and abandoned his post only after MacArthur’s strict orders to leave. He flew first to Australia, eventually ending up in the United States in exile, leaving behind his wife and four sons. In 1924 Romulo married Virginia Llamas, a local beauty titlist. They met at a picnic and they married not long after being crowned King and Queen of a Manila carnival. She once commented that she was the type of wife who preferred to glow â€Å"faintly in her husband’s shadow,† to which one acquaintance quipped, â€Å"this didn’t leave much room to glow in†Ã¢â‚¬â€a jab at Romulo’s height. Standing only 5’4† in his shoes, Romulo often made fun of his height. His book I Walked With Heroes opens with the anecdote about being the newly elected president of the United Nations—the first Asian to ever hold the post—and having to be â€Å"perched atop three thick New York City telephone books† just to see and be seen by all the delegates below the podium. When MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines, with Romulo at his side, it was reported that the American general was wading in waist-deep water. One correspondent, Walter Winchell, immediately wired back asking how Romulo could have waded in that depth without drowning. He also used his height to his advantage. â€Å"The little fellow is generally underrated in the beginning,† he once wrote. â€Å"Then he does something well, and people are surprised and impressed. In their minds his achievement is magnified.† A very early photo of Romulo Team members of the University of the Philippines debate team, with Professor Carlos P. Romulo (center). From left: Pedro Camus, Teodoro Evangelista, Deogracias Puyat, and Jacinto C. Borja. The photo was taken in San Francisco, California, April 18, 1928, and the caption reads: â€Å"Four students of the University of the Philippines, under the leadership of Prof. Carlos P. Romulo of the College Faculty, recently arrived in the United States on a tour of the world to debate the question of Filipino independence. The round-the-world debate on the Philippine question is academic and has nothing to do with politics.† This kind of understanding served him well as he began a career as a diplomat at the United Nations. Describing himself as the â€Å"barefoot boy of politics,† he had never before attended an international conference and was new to diplomacy. To add to this challenge, he was representing a small nation that had not yet achieved independence. (There already had been reports of Filipino delegates being ignored at international meetings.) Romulo—whose lifelong dream was to help build a body such as the United Nations—resolved to make the Philippines the voice of all small nations. As a signatory of the charter forming the United Nations in 1945, he spoke the famous line, â€Å"Let us make this floor the last battlefield† at the first General Assembly. There was at first silence, but then he received a standing ovation—the only one given to any speaker at the conference. Romulo launched himself fully into the world of international diplomacy, standing his ground against the big powers and committing himself to the causes of fledging nations. Dismissed by some, like Andrei Vishinsky, chief of the Soviet delegation, as a â€Å"little man from a little country,† Romulo was undeterred, fighting â€Å"like David, slinging pebbles of truth between the eyes of blustering Goliaths.† President of the UN General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo introduces US President Harry S. Truman to Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vishinsky of the USSR, October 24, 1949, during the cornerstone laying ceremony of the UN headquarters in New York City. President of the UN General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo introduces US President Harry S. Truman to Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vishinsky of the USSR, October 24, 1949, during the cornerstone laying ceremony of the UN headquarters in New York City. Dubbed by his colleagues â€Å"Mr. United Nations,† he was elected president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1949—the first Asian to hold the position—and served as president of UN Security Council four times, in 1981, in 1980 and twice in 1957. Despite all the triumphs, Romulo hit low points in his life. His eldest son Carlos, Jr., died in a plane crash in 1957, and his beloved wife died in 1968, near the end of his terms as president of the University of the Philippines, his alma mater, and, concurrently, Secretary of Education. â€Å"I had to be outstanding,† he wrote, â€Å"to make the greatest effort to win, to prove I was capable not in spite of having been born a Filipino but because I was a Filipino.†

african americans Essay -- essays research papers

African Americans continued to live as second class citizens in the 1950’s and 1960’s, especially in the South, despite the Fourteenth Amendment and the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited states from denying anyone the right to vote due to race. States passed laws directed at separating the races and keeping blacks from the polls. During these times, African Americans and other Americans led an organized and strong movement to fight for racial equality. The movement often met with strong opposition, such as in Birmingham, Alabama, where police sprayed protestors with high pressure fire hoses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1900’s W.E.B. Du Bois established the NAACP, (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) which fought to end segregation, the separation of people on the basis of race. In the case of Brown vs. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down segregation as unconstitutional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and an NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the â€Å"colored† section of a Montgomery bus. As the bus filled up, the driver ordered Parks and three other African American passengers to empty the row they were occupying so that a white man could sit down without having to sit next to any African Americans. The leaders of the African American community, including many ministers, formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize a boycott. They elected the pastor o...

Benefits of Sports Essay

It is widely accepted that sport is good for us. Sport is good to our body and mind, it help us to keep in shape, control the level of blood sugar and blood pressure, and it is very good way to cure depression. Sports can be divided into different categories. Game sports like Hockey, football, or basketball need a lot of running and throwing. They are good to some people but not everybody can take part in. Other sports like tennis, table tennis, and volley ball are milder and more enjoyable by the majority of people. Sports can be very dangerous if you are not careful. However, I will argue that moderate exercise is good for everyone. Jogging, walking, and aerobics are the kinds of exercise I enjoyed most. They are definitely good for my body. Moderate exercise is good for middle aged and elderly people. It helps them to lower the cholesterol level, blood sugar level and blood pressure level. Moderate exercise is good for maintaining their bone denseness. Exercise is good for our mind too. This is very beneficial when you suffer from depression. Another thing that can learn from sports is teamwork and how to work well with others. This happens when parents and coaches commend their young athletes for unselfish play and congratulate them on their team’s efforts as well as their own. One more thing that a child learns from sport is how to cope with difficulty. Children learn how to live with losing and the fact that there are not always going to get thing their way. They also learn how to turn these defeats into positive things, by learning from their mistakes.

Brian Billick

No one understands success better than Brian Billick. It is not because of his own achievements which include leading an NFL team to a Super Bowl victory, it is because leadership fascinates him. One of Brian’s most noted feats was leading the Baltimore Ravens to a 34-7 win over the New York Giants in the 2000 Super Bowl XXXV. Making the victory so much more rewarding was the fact that Brian took over the role as head coach for the Ravens a year earlier when they were ranked as one of the NFL’s most depressing teams. Two words are synonymous with Brian Billick – passion and accountability.Those two traits are what steers a person to success. Brian was born in Ohio but his family moved to California. He learned success early as an athlete at Redlands High School where he played both football and basketball. He etched his name into the state record books with 21 career interceptions, a record that has yet to be broken. Following high school, Brian was a freshman li nebacker at the Air Force Academy before transferring to Brigham Young University where as a tight end, Brian earned an honorable mention in the 1976 All-America honors. He also earned a Bachelors Degree in Communicationsand currently endows a communications scholarship at the university. In 1977, Brian made it to the National Football League. He was picked in the 11th round of the NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers and then traded to the Dallas Cowboys. However, as a player, Brian never got the opportunity to hit the field. Instead, he was hired as the assistant director of public relations for San Francisco for the next two years. He spent much of the 1980s coaching college teams such as San Diego State University, Utah State University and Stanford University.â€Å"BRIAN BILLICK† Page 2 As a coach, he quickly learned there is no â€Å"I† in team and that was something he instilled in each player. To Brian, coaching is more than teaching the plays of the game, it i s teaching the values that make a team player. The success of a team is determined by working together towards a common goal. Each player must have the passion. As with any goal, reaching it requires 100 percent dedication. If a person can not commit to every aspect that comes with the territory then they lack the passionneeded to survive. The other important influence in a successful team is accountability. The task requires working together without selfishness but a person must also be willing to take responsibility for one’s actions. Brian feels it is a sign of respect for the team. Brian practices what he preaches. He joined the Ravens in 1999 and led the team into post- season playoffs every year since except twice and he takes accountability for those two years. As the team’s leader, he felt responsible but it did not discourage him from finding new ways to guide the team in the right direction.Throughout his career, Brian earned the reputation of being more than just a great leader but also a motivator. He knows the values that make a person a leader are something that can be taught. Bringing out those qualities in a person by influencing their behavior, attitude and actions are what leadership is all about. Brian began his NFL coaching career with the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 when he was first hired as the tight end coach and by the following year, he was named offensive coordinator for the Vikings. His leadership skills brought out success in the Vikings’ camp and in 1994, the teamcaptured the NFC Central title. He remained with the Vikings until the end of the 1998 season. â€Å"BRIAN BILLICK† Page 3 In 1999, he was hired as head coach of the Baltimore Ravens. Basically a new franchise founded four years earlier, the Ravens were struggling as a team. In Brian’s first year as coach, the Ravens won eight games. That was more wins than they had totaled in their first four years. The Ravens’ defense finished sec ond overall in the NFL.In his second year with the team, Baltimore finished 16-4 overall in the 2000 season. They crushed their opponents in the playoffs and became only the fourth wild card team to go on to win the Super Bowl when they blew by the New York Giants. But domination had little to do with it. That October, the Ravens were on what looked to be a downward spiral when they failed to score a touchdown in five consecutive games. It was Brian who kept the team unified and focused on the primary goal. The team returned to the Super Bowl in 2001 but fell short when they lost 27-10 against thePittsburgh Steelers. That was still a remarkable feat considering they were one of the youngest teams in the NFL with 19 rookies that season. In 2003, Brian put the young team back in the playoffs. They led the NFL in rushing and ranked third in the league in defense. The next year, the Ravens were one game away from making the playoffs. The 2005 and 2006 seasons were disappointing for the Ravens but things may turn around in 2007 since they hired five new coaches to the franchise. Brian’s leadership skills have an impact on more than just his players. In the seven years thathe has been head coach of the Ravens, three of his assistants have moved on to become NFL head coaches. In 2001, Brian’s defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis joined Cincinnati and his linebacker coach Jack Del Rio joined Jacksonville. Three years later, he lost another defensive coordinator, Mike Nolan, to San Francisco. â€Å"BRIAN BILLICK† Page 4 It was shortly after winning the Super Bowl in 2000 that Brian, along with Dr. James A. Peterson wrote the book: Competitive Leadership: Twelve Principles for Success.This book talks about the keys to being successful and being a leader, not only on the football field but in life in general. The book also talks about how leadership is not about authority. Being a strong leader is being willing to always learn more and not think you al ready have all of the answers. An important key in any leader is the ability to ask questions. It is not about being perfect, it is about being effective. Brian also spends a large majority of his time speaking to corporations about leadership skills. Brian also spends time improving the community and doing his part forcharities. NFL Hall of Fame coach Bill Walsh joined Brian and Dr. Peterson in writing the book: Finding the Winning Edge. This book focuses more on football and is a guide for developing a winning NFL team. Despite his coaching schedule, charity work and public speaking engagements, Brian still finds enjoyment in studying leadership. Whether it be from hands on experience on the field or from the history of past leaders, learning builds an effective leader. Brian values education and it is interesting to note that he was once a contestant on the game show Jeopardy and The MatchGame in 1977. At age 53, Brian continues to help others build the characteristics needed to succeed. Along with the success comes the ability to be a leader, a teacher, a coach and a mentor. All of the qualities that make a person strong enough to take on that role can be learned through motivation. Brian prides himself on passion and accountability – the two traits that make him an admired leader. SOURCES The Baltimore Ravens. â€Å"Brian Billick. † (2006). Accessed 3 March, 2007. http://www. baltimoreravens. com/includes/bio. jsp? id+=1180&personType=0The Baltimore Worldwide Speakers Bureau. â€Å"Brian Billick. † (2005). Accessed 2 March, 2007. http://www. baltimorespeakersbureau. com/BrianBillick. html Stuhlmann, E.. â€Å"Leadership Principles: From the Football Field to the Executive Suite. † Accessed 2 March, 2007. http://www. refresher. com/! enesfootball. html Washington Speakers Bureau. (2003-2007). Accessed 3 March, 2007. http://www. washingtonspeakers. com/speakers/speaker. cfm? SpeakerID=3242 Wikipedia. â€Å"Brian Billick† W ikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2007). Accessed 2 March, 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Brian_Billick

Bioethics- Normal Character Analysis essays

Bioethics- Normal Character Analysis essays I found Normal to be compelling, engaging, and educational. I think the entire class enjoyed the movie, and it was definitely beneficial to watch in bioethics class, because an emotional connection to ones argument can be just as if not even more crucial and beneficial to an ethical situation as hard facts or detached analysis. Though I felt that all the characters in the film were powerful, complex and memorable, one character in particular that stood out to me was Patti-Ann, the pubescent teenage daughter of Roy, a man with gender dysphoria, and Irma, his confused but supportive wife. Patti-Ann was particularly interesting to me because she demonstrated the theme in the film that there is no such thing as a perfect gender condition, and that most people are, to an extent, confused about the roles that society imposes upon them based on their gender. Patti-Anns character was conflicted; both she and her father were struggling with particular gender issues in a small, rural, religious and socially conservative town. Though Patti-Ann lived and was born as a sexual female, she was a tomboy and expressed discomfort when her mother attempted to impose girlish behavior, clothing, and general feminine standards upon her. Patti claimed that she did not feel comfortable wearing bras, tight clothes, or skirts, and often tried to wear her fathers old clothes. This was ironic and must have been even more confusing to Patti-Ann, because at that time, her father was undergoing his own gender crisis and was getting rid of his old clothes in place of skirts and the type of clothes that Patti felt uncomfortable with. Near the beginning of the film, when Patti got her first period, she expressed disgust, depression and discomfort, a typical reaction for some girls, but one which especially resonated with Pattis character, a biological female who was uncomfortable with her body. ...

How the College Admissions Process Works

How the College Admissions Process Works Despite the hysteria surrounding college admissions and the beastly amount of paperwork, the process itself is fairly straightforward. So before you get swept up in that panic, or fall prey to the marketing campaigns that fuel the multi-billion dollar college prep industry, here’s a broad overview of how the process works, what you should be doing and when: High School - Freshman Year When people say the college application process starts a freshman or sophomore year of high school – or worse, with pre-PSATs in seventh grade or pre-pre-PSATs in kindergarten - don’t fret. What they mean are high school grades and coursework count. And some requirements – math and English, for example - can only be fulfilled by starting the freshman or sophomore year. As long as your child takes four or, preferably, five serious academic courses each year, he’ll be fine. He needs to end up with four years of English, three or four of math, two science, three history, two years of a foreign language and, depending on the college, a year of visual or performing arts. The rest of his schedule can be filled with things he enjoys, whether it’s wood shop, music or more of any of the above courses. If hes aiming for a very competitive college, advanced placement courses should be on his list. The College List In order to apply to college, your child will need a list of 8 to 10 universities that are good fits for him: places he really likes, and where he stands a good chance of getting in. Some families hire college consultants to help them compile the list, but with a laptop and a few hours of free time, your child can do the same thing for himself for free. So the junior year is an excellent time to start researching possibilities, hit a college fair and make a few college visits – all while keeping a tight rein on reality. This â€Å"DIY College Admissions Advice† guide will help your family compile that list and provide your own reality check. The Exams   Although hundreds of college have gotten off the SAT train, most still require the SAT or ACT exam for entry. Your child should take one of these exams a junior year, so theres still time to retake it in the fall, if necessary. If he opts to take a test prep course, take it in the weeks immediately prior to the exam date, not the summer before. Some schools also require the SAT II. The Essays The summer between junior and senior year is a good time for your child to start mulling college essay topics and writing drafts. Take a sneak peek at the Common Application, a basic application used by hundreds of colleges, and which includes some of the most common essay topics. The Application Fall of senior year is college application season – and yes, it quickly degenerates into a stressful haze of paperwork, spreadsheets, and parental nagging. He will need to keep close tabs on which schools require what – essays, supplemental materials, test scores, transcripts and recommendations - and when. It helps to remember that this is your child’s process and his decision. He needs to own the process. Your role as a parent is equal parts cheerleader, cookie-supplier and sounding board. Also, number one nag, as deadlines loom. But the application, essays, and ultimate decision are his. The Wait   Most college applications are due between mid-November and January 10. Early decision and early action apps are due in early Fall - and decisions come back around the winter holidays - and rolling admissions rewards early birds with early replies. But for most students, once the paperwork is in, you’re in for a long wait. Most college acceptances arrive in March and early April. Your child should use the time to make sure every last piece of paperwork, including teacher recommendations, was submitted, fill out financial aid paperwork (in January) and keep his grades up. Colleges can and do rescind the acceptances of senioritis-struck students. The Decision Good news arrives via fat packages and thin envelopes, e-mail and even text messages these days. And it often comes with an invitation to Admit Day, an open house for newly accepted freshmen. Now comes decision time. Your child must notify the school of his choice by the deadline, typically May 1, in writing and with a deposit check. He also needs to notify any other schools that accepted him that he will not be attending – if he thinks that’s an unnecessary step, remind him that it’s not just a courtesy to admissions officers at those schools, it’s a kindness to the kids languishing on waiting lists. And after you’re done celebrating, it will be time to move on to Paperwork Round #2: final transcripts, housing applications, health forms and on and on.

Educational leadership styles Which one fits you

Educational leadership styles Which one fits you If you’re looking to take your career in education to the next level, part of that means understanding what kind of leadership skills you have- and how you’d apply those in your job. Because educators are already a pretty diverse crowd, it should be no surprise that leadership styles can vary pretty widely too. So let’s look at the main types of educational leaders. The AuthoritarianThis sounds severe, but the authoritative leader is the one who is able to set a clear direction or implement a new vision. This means the leader is a decision-maker, often the final say. The authoritative leader is often the cheerleader-in-chief, motivating a team (or multiple teams) toward a single goal. The authoritative leader is a confident, strong voice, and comfortable making decisions. If you feel more comfortable giving orders than taking them taking them, then this might be your style.Pro: Things get done how you want them done.Con: Team members may have trouble connecting t o this kind of leader, since they’re less engaged in the decision-making process.The Team BuilderThis kind of leader, also known as an affiliative leader, focuses on building, maintaining, and repairing relationships. The affiliative leader’s priority is on harmony and collective productivity. This type of leader typically strives to get input from others and have good relationships with everyone on the team, rather than hand down assignments.Pro: Team members feel valued and connected.Con: Poor performance is sometimes ignored in favor of maintaining larger group harmony.The PoliticianThis kind of leader, also known as the democratic leadership type, works on consensus. This leader has the final say, but relies on having other stakeholders weigh in as well. The diverse perspectives can foster creativity and innovation, because everyone is able to give input and share their points of view.Pro: Team members feel more engaged because they have a say in the process.Con: D ecisions may not happen quickly if you’re waiting for mass buy-in.The CoachThe coaching-focused leader prioritizes team development over immediate achievement. Meeting goals is about the process, and providing feedback and instruction to make sure that members of the team are able to succeed in the project at hand, or on a more long-term basis. It’s also a natural leadership style for many teachers, who are already accustomed to nurturing talent to hit milestones. In this role, the coaching leader often delegates tasks and responsibility to help team members understand and learn in a hands-on way.Pro: This is a very forward-thinking leadership style, and encourages team members to set and achieve their own goals.Con: It can be time-consuming to incorporate feedback and ongoing training. Also, if team members are resistant to learning, that can also slow overall progress.The VisionaryThe visionary leader is focused on innovating and improving outcomes. For these leaders , the status quo is less important than setting goals and improving how students learn, how teachers work in the classroom, etc. The visionary leader typically spends a lot of time brainstorming and engaging others in common goals.Pro: Employees feel empowered to find new ways to accomplish goals.Con: Sometimes focusing on the big picture can lead to neglect of the everyday, or less interesting tasks at hand.There is no one-size-fits-all leadership style for an educator, or even a school. So depending on your personality and your goals, it may be that one of these suits you really well- and others not at all. Whatever your leadership style is, it’s important to nurture those qualities and find leadership opportunities that work for you.

EMPLOYMENT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EMPLOYMENT LAW - Essay Example The employee should be provided with 28 paid holidays and only be working for 48 hours in a week and the extension of the hour can only be made with consent of the employee, which is mentioned in Working Time Regulations Act 1998. The Employment Rights Act 1996 states that an employee has the right to avail leave for child care and request for flexible working hours. The Act also states that if the employer dismisses the employee from work, the employer needs to provide a concrete reason for the dismissal along with the payment that needs to be settled with the employee. According to the Act the employer cannot remove the employee from the service with unfair reasoning. In case there is a taken over of the company by another company there should not be worsening of the terms of employment, which includes the dismissal as well without a proper organizational, technical or economic reason. This employment right is protected by the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Reg ulations 2006. According to section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 the employer needs to provide the contractual terms and conditions of the employment to employee in written. However, there are exceptions to this law. There is a provision under section 2(4) of the Act to provide the statement in installment. However, the statement should be given within two months of the employment. In the year 2010, Equality Act has been employed in the Employment Law of the UK. This act is way beyond employment, which provides access to both public and private services. According to this Act all the employees should get equal treatment irrespective of their gender, race, sexual preference or orientation, religious belief, age etc. These are some major perspectives of the Equality Directives of the Equality Act 20103. The Equality Act 2010 goes beyond the absolute discrimination and fights the discriminations that are made based on race, gender including pregnancy, belief, sexuality including

Geographical Information Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geographical Information Systems - Term Paper Example While a definition of what constitutes GIS is central to discussing its role within geography, such a definition is, in fact, difficult to produce since the term is used so variable by different people, some using it to refer to a single system while others use it to designate a system of barely related subsystems (Pickles, in Pickles, 1995, p. 3). Pickles (1995) states that all geographic information systems have two central defining characteristics: They involve the use of digital electronic data and the production of electronic spatial representations (p. 3). Parker (in Castle, 1993, p. xvii) goes even further in simplifying the defining aspect of GIS as being nothing more than data handling  which any mention of geography per se can easily be dropped. Such a bare-bones definition of GIS lends it an appearance of neutrality that is deceptive, for geographers use electronic information technology forward a variety of epistemological perspectives and research goals. Pickles (1995) summarizes the field of possible applications; it should be noted that within each of these possible applications a wide range of philosophies and motivations is possible. [GIS is} a research community that transcends disciplinary boundaries; an approach to geographical inquiry and spatial data handling; a series of technologies for collecting, manipulating, and representing spatial information; a way of thinking about spatial data; a commodified object that has monetary potential and value; and a technical tool that has strategic value (p. 3). Not only is GIS multifaceted in its technical capabilities, it is multidimensional in its social and cultural capabilities as well, allowing for new demographic tools, new forms of workplace domination, novel commodities, new ways of identifying space and nature and new ways of waging war (Pickles, in Pickles, 1995, p. 4).

Consumer behavior a strategic approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Consumer behavior a strategic approach - Essay Example Opportunities The increased environmental awareness of the individuals has augmented the demand for eco friendly and organic products. Moreover, the new range of skin care products available for men has helped to boost the overall revenue of the company. This has also helped to increase the sales of the company (Spangler, 2008). Threats Though the company aims to sell eco-friendly cosmetics, the suppliers of the raw materials do not seem to adhere to the standards of eco friendliness. The biggest drawback of the company that can be a threat to its market position in future is the lack of an advertising and marketing department in the company (Muller, 2005). Companies like MAC, Make up Forever etc are now following the footsteps of The Body Shop by improving on the scale of their scope of social responsibility in business. The PESTLE analysis is given in the Appendix. The present market for the cosmetics industry is highly competitive in nature. At this juncture, the lack of proper ad vertising and marketing of the products of the Body Shop can substantially detrimental to its brand value and strength of the customers. The business of Body Shop is well known in the market for its ethical standpoint. The company strictly opposes to the testing new products on animals. But L’Oreal is blamed for this practice in the market. In 2008, the Animal Rights group have sternly warned the company to abolish such practices. As the ownership of Body Shop has been undertaken by L’Oreal since 2006 with an amount of $1.14 billion, the ethical standpoint of the company is now doubted by its stakeholders (Pitman, 2006). The fall in the disposable income of the individuals due to the soaring price levels have considerably... The key stakeholders and the target publics of the Body Shop are likely to be affected by the three main issues faced by the company. †¢Ã‚  Mergers of the company: the merger of the company would affect the existing shareholders and the employees of the organization. The shareholders would be suspicious about the performance of the company in the new merged position in the market. Rather the working culture of the organization would also change with the merger, this would affect the employees. The consumers would also doubt the ethical virtues of the company after the merger as LO real is known to not follow ethical issues in business. †¢Ã‚  The recession in the world economy: the crisis of finance in the global economies can force the company cut down some jobs, this would affect the employees. Rather the fall in the disposable income levels would hamper the purchasing power capabilities of the consumers. The suppliers would also be reluctant to provide raw materials at lo wer prices. †¢Ã‚  The ethical virtues of other cosmetics companies: this would directly affect the decisions of the consumers in the market. They might reduce the demand for the products of The Body Shop. Considering the initial business analysis, it can be stated that any change made in the business operations of The Body Shop would surely affect its stakeholders. Figure 1 and 2 in the Appendix, shows the stakeholders map for the Body. The most important stakeholders of the company are the customers and the shareholders.

Real rapes and Real victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real rapes and Real victims - Essay Example As this is not always the case, the police has made a differentiation between â€Å"real rape† and where the woman herself did not initially think of it as rape but was convinced by other people that it was. Based from the research done (Stewart, Dobbin & Gatowski, 1996), a woman is finally convinced by other people to report the rape by two reasons: Sadly, myths and pre-conceived notions of women have dominated the police’s perception of women claiming rape. Because of these ideas, the police have acted nonchalantly towards these women and have come up with their own criterion to judge who the â€Å"real victim† is. This person, police say, is a woman who did not bring upon the rape to herself. In other words, the â€Å"real victim† acted decently but still found herself a victim of rape. This is when the justice system deems it proper to â€Å"rescue† her. This reasoning may be attributed to a belief in the â€Å"Pedestal Myth†. The pedestal myth puts woman at the top level of the respect and virtue ladder. Under this notion, women are expected to be prim and proper. They are expected to be more honorable than men. They should not drink. They should not hang out and/or drink in bars, wear tempting clothes and the like. Women are expected to be more ladylike. This notion has caused the police to focus more on the credibility of the woman rather than the facts of the case in deciding whether to pursue a rape claim or not. They have created their own standard seemingly based on this pedestal myth and will only investigate a claim if they think the judge will deem the victim believable. This is a very vital point in finding justice for the rape victim. Inasmuch as they are the first group of people who will officially decide whether a crime of rape has been committed or not, the police’s impression of a rape victim is of utmost importance. Similarly, the character and credibility of the victim aid in fig uring out what

Describe the importance of time and age in What Lips My Lips Have Essay

Describe the importance of time and age in What Lips My Lips Have Kissed and When You Are Old - Essay Example The two poems majorly dwell on time and age to present their points, which enhances the setting and understanding of the subject matter. Wisdom comes with age, and in the story What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, the writer seems to display regret, anger, despair, and how past relationships ended drastically. In this setting, the writer dwells on the past relationships and mentions how they have made her wiser. Additionally, the author of the poem states how over the years, she has learnt different characters and seems to learn lessons and mistakes from past relationships leading to better knowledge on dealing with relationships due to wisdom gathered over the years. Thus, in this case, both age and time has played an important role in the life of the writer by making her become a wiser person. The same subject of wisdom is also evident in the poem When You Are Old, where the poem is written in the future tense displaying future events the writer foresees happening when the lady is older, grey, full of sleep and nodding by the fire. This shows how age and time will make the addressee wise, and thus, realize that she shoul d have made the decision to return the poet’s love. Somehow, the author is using the elements of age and time to persuade the addressee to make a wise decision of accepting his love so they can grow old together. Age and time in the two poems are used to express the beauty of love and the ugliness of loneliness. When the poet in What Lips My Lips Have Kissed recounts her encounters with relationships, one cannot help but admire the beautiful love she seemed to have experienced. However, these reminders are also a source of loneliness because the author is alone and no longer in any of the relationships. Moreover, with time and age, these relationships have vanished leaving her with only memories that she remembers while alone in her bedroom. In When You Are Old, the author describes the awful physical state the addressee will be in

Real rapes and Real victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real rapes and Real victims - Essay Example As this is not always the case, the police has made a differentiation between â€Å"real rape† and where the woman herself did not initially think of it as rape but was convinced by other people that it was. Based from the research done (Stewart, Dobbin & Gatowski, 1996), a woman is finally convinced by other people to report the rape by two reasons: Sadly, myths and pre-conceived notions of women have dominated the police’s perception of women claiming rape. Because of these ideas, the police have acted nonchalantly towards these women and have come up with their own criterion to judge who the â€Å"real victim† is. This person, police say, is a woman who did not bring upon the rape to herself. In other words, the â€Å"real victim† acted decently but still found herself a victim of rape. This is when the justice system deems it proper to â€Å"rescue† her. This reasoning may be attributed to a belief in the â€Å"Pedestal Myth†. The pedestal myth puts woman at the top level of the respect and virtue ladder. Under this notion, women are expected to be prim and proper. They are expected to be more honorable than men. They should not drink. They should not hang out and/or drink in bars, wear tempting clothes and the like. Women are expected to be more ladylike. This notion has caused the police to focus more on the credibility of the woman rather than the facts of the case in deciding whether to pursue a rape claim or not. They have created their own standard seemingly based on this pedestal myth and will only investigate a claim if they think the judge will deem the victim believable. This is a very vital point in finding justice for the rape victim. Inasmuch as they are the first group of people who will officially decide whether a crime of rape has been committed or not, the police’s impression of a rape victim is of utmost importance. Similarly, the character and credibility of the victim aid in fig uring out what

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Company Law - Essay Example 1 Alistair Darling, Secretary of State of the Department of Trade and Industry said that while most of the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 will be in force by October next year the entire Act will be in force by October of 2007.2 While the Companies Bill 2006 introduces some new aspects to company law, it might have left the regulations of directors’ duty up to judicial interpretation and company law. The general impression is that the 2006 Bill does nothing much to improve on the director’s duties as enunciated under the provisions of the Companies Act 1985. 3- The Companies Bill 2006 tightens the Directors’ duties in respect of due diligence by broadening the rights of shareholders to ‘sue directors for negligence and other defaults and rights to bring derivative claims on behalf of the company in certain circumstances.’3 Under the provisions of the Companies Act 1985, together with principles of Common Law and Equity, directors have a fiduciary relationship with the company they serve. In their capacity as fiduciaries, directors have three primary duties in respect of the management of the company’s affairs. They are: In Re City Fire Equitable Insurance Co., Romer J added that in the course of exercising his duties as a director, the director was subject to a certain standard in law. That standard he went on to explain was the reasonable skill and care that was generally expected of a business man possessing the relevant skills and training.5 Moreover the common trend in the application of Common Law and Equitable principles was to impose the duty on the directors’ in respect of the company itself rather than in respect individual shareholders. In fact Section 309 of the Companies Act 1985 codified this proviso by requiring that directors owe a duty of care to act in the best interests of both the members and the employees of the company.6 Although this duty necessarily

Environmental Influences On Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

Environmental Influences On Human Behavior Essay Eating disorder is a condition wherein an individual’s eating behavior of eating or not eating is influenced by a psychological impulse, instead of a physiological need. Individuals with eating disorders generally choose to ignore the signals their bodies send out that nourishment is needed for maintenance or that enough food has already been consumed. One general feature commonly observed in an individual with an eating disorder is abnormal weight, which may be either above or below the normal weight. Normal weight has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as having a body mass index (BMI) of 18. 5 to 24. 9 kg/m2 (Deurenberg and Yap, 1999; Weisell, 2002). BMI is the ratio of an individual’s weight in kilograms (kg) to his heights in meters squared (m2). An individual with a BMI of 25 to 29 kg/m2 is classified as overweight, those with BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 are categorized as moderately obese, and people with BMI of 40 kg/m2 and above are identified as morbidly obese. Obesity was earlier considered as an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Today, obesity is regarded as a disease that is strongly influenced by genetic, physiologic and behavioral factors (Jequier and Tappy, 1999). The global estimate of overweight people is currently 1. 2 billion, of which at least 300 million are classified as obese. Obesity has been identified as a preventable health risk, but unfortunately, the mortality rate of this disease is still high, contributing to approximately 300,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Since the cases of overweight and obesity are continually increasing without any preference to economic status of a country, health governing bodies have put in a significant effort to promote awareness of this disease and intervention programs that would teach the public of the risks of being overweight and/or obese. A major factor that influences such excessive weight gain is the poor lifestyle choices individuals make, in terms of their eating, exercising and physical activities. Binge eating is another eating disorder that is characterized by consuming huge amounts of food in order to achieve the strong feeling of being full. This disorder is generally involved with eating bouts even when an individual is not hungry. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is recognized in two forms- the restricting type and the binge-eating/purging types (APA, 1994). The restricting type of anorexia nervosa involves the absolute inhibition of food consumption and does not accompany any purging or binge-eating actions. The binge-eating type of anorexia nervosa is commonly characterized by cycles of binge-eating and purging. The classic symptom of anorexia nervosa is subjecting one’s self to a starvation condition, with the main goal of preventing or avoiding gaining weight or sensing that any fat is deposited in the body. The psychological angle with anorexia nervosa is that the individual perceives himself as overweight yet actually, their weight is already below normal. The extreme condition of anorexia nervosa usually involves death due to severe malnutrition. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by cycles of binge eating, purging and the employment of laxatives to remove any food that has been consumed (APA, 1994). Bulimia nervosa may be differentiated from anorexia nervosa through the feature that the individuals afflicted with this eating disorder typically have normal or above-average weights. In addition, individuals with anorexia nervosa can strongly inhibit their food intake, while individuals with bulimia nervosa find difficulty in avoiding food consumption. Bulimic individuals commonly carry a psychological feeling of guilt and shame of eating so much food, hence they try to appease themselves of their eating faults through purging and chemical elimination of the food they ate through the use of laxatives. They consider such activities as remedies or cleansing rituals so that they can immediately purify themselves of the disgrace they made from eating huge amounts of food. To date, the exact cause of bulimia remains unknown, yet there are theories that this eating disorder is strongly associated to depression and anxiety, however, a precise correlation of this cause still has to be investigated. Another theory involves the motivation of the bulimic individual to escape from reality, by treating for as a comfort instead of a source of energy and nutrition for their bodies. Childhood experiences may also possibly play a role in the cause of bulimia, because young children are often given different types of food in order to pacify them or to reward them for particular activities. Society may also play a role in bulimia, because the media strongly endorses that being thin is good, beautiful and acceptable. It has been suggested that eating disorders may be physiologically influenced by serotonin and norepinephrine. It has also been suggested that anorexia is more frequently observed in females in the Western world (Suematsu, 1986). Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism behind hunger and eating in overweight and obese individuals. The internal-external theory of Schachter (1971) states that hunger is influenced by external signals such as time, as shown in their experiments involving manipulation of clock rates and counting the consumption of crackers by the subjects. The research showed that faster ticking clocks that would reach meal times earlier would influence the subjects to eat earlier, while slower ticking close would influence subjects to eat later during the day. This theory strengthened the hypothesis that obese people tend to â€Å"feel† hungry based on the time of the day, and not based of the real sensation of hunger. The sensation of hungry in normal individuals is generally induced by internal signals such as an increased appetite or need to eat. The boundary theory of hunger considers the cognitive influence of hunger and satiety, wherein an individual determines the amount of food he should take in, as their limit or boundary (Hermand and Polivy, 1984). During diet regimes, the amount of food an individual eats is a little less than the set amount or boundary and in turn, the body physiologically adapts to the available sources of energy. In overweight and obese individuals, the boundary of food intake is significantly higher than an individual of normal weight. A third theory explaining the relation between excessive weight gain and eating is the set point theory, which is essentially based on the control of the hypothalamus on the body’s predetermined weight. Such set point of weight will be biologically maintained through the natural way, regardless of efforts to loss weight through diets and other weight loss regimens. A decreased intake of calories will not perturb the hypothalamus in its self-regulation of body weight. These theories are comparatively similar in terms of their goal of attempting to describe the mechanisms of obesity. The theories all emphasized that obesity is not influenced by a single factor, such as plain and simple overeating. These theories actually describe external influences of factors that result in overeating. In the external-internal theory identifies the time of the day as the major factor that triggers hunger. For the boundary theory, the individual himself, most probably with the cerebellum as the major organ, determines the amount of food he will eat. As for the set point theory, the hypothalamus controls the individual’s body weight. It is interesting to note that what the society has perceived as overweight is not really caused by a simple excessive hunger that stems from the need of the stomach to carry more food, but actually a more complex network involving the digestive system, the central nervous system and the immediate environment. Treatment for eating disorder often involves physical and psychological approaches. Psychotherapy serves as the main treatment for eating disorders, which often involves sessions with a therapist to discuss issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and body image concerns. The therapist generally emphasizes the relationship of one’s thoughts and eating activities, as well as teaching the patient that food is a source of nourishment and not a source of comfort or escape. Antidepressants may be prescribed to an individual with an eating disorder, to regulate the emotions of the depressed individual. The physician will also need to regularly check the physical vital signs of the patient, in order to monitor whether the patient is gaining weight and to determine whether any other complications may be present in the individual. Dieticians will design a well-balanced diet for an individual with an eating disorder, as well as educate the person of the nutritional value of every type of food that is consumed. The theories of hunger and eating disorders are based on the concept of primary motivation, which is mainly an interplay between psychology and the biological need to provide energy to the proper functioning of the human body. It is more complicated than the straightforward feeding mechanisms in other organisms because eating in the other species is singly influenced by the need to provide food for the normal physiology of the body. In human beings that have a more complex brain system due to evolution, we have acquired the additional capability to feed our minds, and even our souls, so to speak figuratively. It is important to individuals to understand that the mind is a powerful organ that can influence the actions and activities of the rest of the body but it is also more important to know that such choices of eating the right amount of food, as well as the right type of food, is a conscious and voluntary choice, and the consequences should be seriously considered.

Edgar Allan Poe Writing Style Analysis

Edgar Allan Poe Writing Style Analysis Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) was an American author born in Boston. His use of terror and the supernatural made him famous as one of the popular gothic writers. Poe wrote numerous books and poems with some 18+ noted books to his credit. His mystery writing was recognised by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as being exceptional and the ability to bring life into the characters portrayed. The life and works of Poe are particularly well explored in the book The political economy of literature in antebellum America by Terence Whalen. In addition the book Edgar Allan Poe: a biography by Milton Meltzer describes the literary works and criticism of Poes books and poems. INTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe was noted for his gothic horror style of writing. Nevertheless he also used his writing to express political sentiments, particularly that regarding racism, slavery and social distinctions in the Southern USA. This was compared to the situation in Europe with Poe supporting the concept of slavery. The author Toni Morrison in her book entitled Playing in the Dark identified Poe along with Mark Twain as an author whose work was haunted by blackness. Toni Morrison claims that no early American writer was more important than Poe in shaping a concept of American Africanism  [1]   The works of Poe were largely obscured for some 50 years after his death owing to copyright restrictions held by his Executor Dr. Rufus B Griswold. It is nearly fifty years since the death of Edgar Allan Poe, and his writings are now for the first time gathered together with an attempt at accuracy and completeness  [2]  . Despite the production of numerous poems Poe was best known for his genre of horror and science fiction novels and Walt Whitman  [3]  described his works as Poes verses illustrate an intense faculty for technical and abstract beauty, with the rhyming art to excess, an incorrigible propensity toward nocturnal themes, and a demoniac undertone behind every page. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is an indescribable magnetism about the poets life and reminiscences, as well as the poems  [4]  . Poes life was surrounded by tragedy with his parents passing away when he was just 3 years old. He became obsessive with drink and gambling and this resulted in his own rather obscure death as a drunk in Baltimore. Despite this his poems and novels that explored the conditions of the human psyche earned him international fame both during his life and after his death. He was viewed as a tortured soul who was obsessed with death, violence and a sense of the macabre yet still gained an appreciation for those mysteries that life had to offer. Poe was acknowledged by such notary poets as Longfellow, Wordsworth, Tennyson and Whitman. Despite his critics he left a legacy of gothic works that would later inspire film makers and other novelists in the horror and supernatural genre. Poe was acknowledged by the international community as an acclaimed writer of stories and poems in the gothic horror style. He was also critical of the political scene in light of the turbulent changes in the Southern USA. He brought a style of gothic writing in order to make statements and used the concept of terror, mystery and the supernatural to bring fear and terror to society. This paper explores the different examples of Poes writing and provides a modern interpretation of his different styles and uses. A cross-section of Poems, Short Stories in the genre of horror, mystery and terror. LITERATURE OF EDGAR ALLAN POE THE TELL TALE HEART The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story composed by Edgar Allen Poe. It is rather a ghoulish story concerning the murder of an old man who is dismembered and his body buried under floor-boards. The murder subsequently loses his sanity believing the heart of the old man is still beating under the floorboards. It talks of the old man having a Vulture Eye, the apparent reason for the pre-meditated murder. The conflict is on the murders insistence of his own sanity but in so doing it becomes self-destructive as the defence build-up the case to his ultimate admission of guilt. It is a saga of guilt, remorse and the dreadful concept of haunting of the human mind for an act so reprehensible. Clearly the murderer is the protagonist at the central theme of this story and the old man the antagonist by the concept of the vulture eye  [5]   As the sound of the old mans heartbeat gets louder. The murder becomes more paranoid and believes that others can hear it, including the police officers who are present at the scene of the crime. The illusion and paranoia eventually lead to the murder believing the police know that he is guilty and the murders tortured soul eventually leads him confessing his guilt of the crime. This leads the murder to the evidence and telling the police the whereabouts of the body and instruction to tear up the floor boards. The plot demonstrates the struggle between imagination and science. The old man the rationale scientific mind and the narrator the imaginative THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO The Cask of Amontillado was written by Edgar Allen Poe in 1846. It was developed as a short story in Godeys Ladys Book. The setting was in an unnamed city in Italy, the period was not indicated but assume somewhere in the 18th Century. The theme of this story is about REVENGE. During the 19th Century the people seemed to have a great interest in this subject matter and as such this was a popular tale. Poe was rather a dark or grim writer and this story was unveiled from the perspective of the murderer. Poe had the unique talent of being able to penetrate the inner mind and psychology of the murder and acts of insanity. From this he could create a graphical depiction of both horror and terror that leaves the sane reader aghast. The subject of revenge is particularly potent material and allows the writer to demonstrate the meaning of hatred and the steps someone would take in order to exact a terrible revenge. Characters in the story The story focuses around two main characters that of Montresor (Murderer) and his victim Fortunato, both men of noble birth. Montresor was extremely angry over some unspecified insult from Fortunato and as a result plans his murder. His aim or plan being to distract him during carnival time, when the festivities find the man in a drunken stupor, wearing the disguise of a jesters attire. The Plot Montresor captures the attention of Fortunato by describing a procurement of a very valuable cask of sherry the Cask of Amontillado and requires Fortunatos expert opinion on the quality of the wine. From this point he lures Fortunato through a series of subterranean passages beneath his Palazzo. When the two men reach the cellar containing the wine, Montresor grabs Fortunato and chains him to the wall and then proceeds to build a new wall and seal him in leaving him to die. In re-telling his story some 50 years later Montresor says he has never been captured and in so far as he knows the body of Fortunato still hangs suspended in the niche where it was bricked in all those years ago. The unrepentant murder stating In pace requiscat (may he rest in peace). The story undoubtedly had an influence on later writers This story and Poes other short fiction had an undisputed influence on later fiction writers. In the nineteenth century, Poe influenced Ambrose Bierce and Robert Louis Stevenson among others. Twentieth-century writers who have looked to Poe include science fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft and horror author Stephen King.  [6]   Analysis and Symbolism The theme and plot of the story is based upon murder and revenge. It is not a mystery or detection story, the mystery resides in the actual motives for which Montresor committed murder. Montresor indicated that he received a thousand injuries, although no substantive reasons were provided. The reader is left to determine the cause of the motives, including the probability that Montresor was in fact insane. There are some contradictions in the story, for example: Fortunato is introduced to the readership as a wine expert he becomes so drunk he would be unable to identify the Amontillado and treats De Grave, an expensive French wine, with little regard by drinking it in a single gulp  [7]   The tale also indicates that Montresor was of noble birth and yet he demonstrated brick laying skills, more normally associated with the working class. It is known that the author had knowledge of the subject matter in his personal life and as such appreciated the visual horrors of such an abstraction to his audience. Poe worked in the brickyard late in the fall of 1834.  [8]  Vincent Buranelli made a number of observations about the story and in more general terms about Poes morbid fascination with death. He expanded by saying how this had influenced musicians of the time including Debussy According to Vincent Buranelli, Poes short stories also influenced the music of Claude Debussy, who was haunted by the atmosphere of Poes tales, and the art of Aubrey Beardsley, as well as the work of other composers and artists in the United States, Great Britain, and in Europe.  [9]  The gothic style of Poes writing has a distinct sense of morbidity about it The thousand injuries of Fort unato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged.  [10]  The analysis of the phrase is interesting. It suggests a building of in sufferance from the relationship with Fortunato culminating in a final insult that threw Montresor into a fit of rage and ultimately to a plot of murder. For this to build into such a state illustrates the apparent lack of dialogue and trust between the two supposed friends. This also leads the reader to question the state of mind of Montresor and indeed question his very sanity. Richard P Benton (a noted writer on Poe) asserted that the character for Montessori was in actual fact based upon Claude de Bourdeille, Count of Montresor a political conspirator in the court of King Louis X111.  [11]   THE RAVEN The Raven was first published in 1845. It is regarded as a classic American poem. The poet describes that of a talking Raven which visits a distressed lover and ultimately traces the mans emotions as he steps into the depths of insanity. The man is considered to be a student who is lamenting over the loss of his lover called Lenore. The Raven is a mysterious bird symbolic of death and repeats the words never more. The man asks the Raven questions but it only answers Never more and as such he will never be reunited with his Lenore and his soul shall not be lifted Never more. At the time the poem came in for a fair amount of criticism, in addition to the acclaim from other poets. It was considered to be inspired by the work of Charles Dickens from his novel Barnaby Rudge. The Raven is considered to be a devil like creature that is symbolic of both black magic and the devil. The end result of the poem is that the student will never get over the grief for his lost Lenore. Lenore also tra nslates to Helen [Helen of Troy representing beauty] and the bust of Pallas is representative of the Greek goddess Athena [the goddess of wisdom]. This is symbolic of the fact that grief and sorrow displace wisdom and common sense in the mans life. This is a complex poem with many meanings. Poe was particularly artful at understanding ancient greek mythology and being able to both intertwin this with comparisons to characters in his own narrations. He demonstrated similar characteristics with figures out of European history and related these to American literature. It is important to understand that many of Poes readers were international and particularly from Europe where he had a large following. This translation therefore became an important part of reaching that audience. THE BLACK CAT Is a short story narrated by Poe. It was compiled in 1843 and falls under the horror genre. The story focuses upon the deteriorating life of an alcoholic but also it involves animal abuse and murder. It is useful to note that Poe himself had a serious drinking problem and in Baltimore he fell into bad company. This may well have influenced this work based upon his own shortcomings and fear of falling into madness as a result of alcoholism. The story is a mystery novel and about the unlocking of clues to a murder, as revealed by the mysterious black cat. It is the location of hidden objects that allow you to solve puzzles that allude to the murder. The cat is called Pluto [ Roman name for the God of the underworld] and symbolic of the devil and hell. The black cat is also associated with bad luck and misfortune. The cat is used to depict the insanity of the narrator as he spins out of control due to the worsening effects of alcoholism. This Gothic tale becomes all the more shocking as youre about to get inside the mind of an insane person and ultimately it leaves you to ponder the shocking story and the acts committed by the man i.e. The walling up of his wife and the black cat in the cellar. Poe was highly influenced by drink and opium and this may well account for his ability to graphically define horror, based upon the horrors that he experienced from drink and drugs. Opium was known for its hallucogenic qualities an d Poe had a love of cats; hence it becomes easier to understand how his mind finds it easier to start and unravel the workings of insanity and the unfortunate influences of advanced alcoholism. THE PIT AND THE PENDALUM The pit and the pendulum is another short story compiled by Poe in 1842. It tells the story of a young prisoner that is tortured as part of the Spanish inquisition. The story depicts what it is like to be tortured and attempts to place to reader in a state of fear, thereby appealing to the senses and sounds that hinge upon realism. The tall candles that are melting depict the prisoner and his life ebbing away with little hope of remission or rescue. The prisoner is locked in a dark prison which he thinks is his tomb. The prisoner becomes aware that he has been bound in a pit with a scythe like pendulum slowly swinging down towards him. This will be the instrument of his execution but the prisoner is able to attract rats to gnaw his bones and release him. He is finally rescued before the inner walls move inwards and force him to his death at the bottom of the pit. Although Poe takes historical license with the story it is widely held that the pit and pendulum were used in torture devi ces by the Spanish inquisition. The story was later made into a film starring the actor Vincent Price. Some have contrasted this work to the situation of slavery in the Southern States i.e. the concept of bondage and being a prisoner, the sense of life ebbing away with no remission from slavery, the torture being the lashing and brutality inflicted upon slaves by their masters and the final rescue being the freedom from slavery by the Northern Union Army at the end of the civil war. The comparison being the Spanish Inquisition to the plight of the slaves. FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER This story relates to the decline of a family and house [the House of Usher]. From the beginning the author paints a bleak view of rot and decay in a cold autumnal setting The novel compares the crumbling decay of the house to that of the family that dwells within. The characters Roderick and Madeleine are twins and represent the mental and physical decline of the family. Roderick believes that the stones of the house have a consciousness and as such they embody the fate of the Usher family. Within the novel Poe gets to grips with the inner workings of the human imagination and the destructive concepts that reside within. The results of this lead to mental illness and death from the torturous terror of the imagination. The house itself crumbles into the deep and dark tarn,  [12]  (Womak 2010) and depicts the narrator fleeing from madness in order to protect his own sanity. Some critics related this piece to the destruction of the plantations, properties and families in the Southern States by the persecution of the Northern Union armies. The crumbling decay of the house being that of the confederate states and how old ideas and families were being crushed under the concept of change by the slavery abolitionist movement of the North. The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar This short story was first published in 1845. This tells the story of a dying man. A mesmerist places a man into a state of hypnosis shortly before his time of death. He examines the concept of hypnotizing a man dying of tuberculosis in order to see what happens to him. The man is left in the hypnotic state for seven months. The dying man (Valdemar) beckons to be woken or allowed to die by wagging his tongue. During the hypnotic state he was pale, cold and without pulse. As the hypnotist eventually wakes him Valdemars voice shouts Dead! Dead! And as he comes out of the trance his body instantly decays into a putrefied liquid mass of decayed material. Poe was known to have deeply studied medical tests and post mortem examinations and as such was able to assemble a picture of words in order to depict the horror and gore. Additional influence to this story might have been the suffering and death of his wife Virginia who died from Tuberculosis; having suffered to the point of her departu re. The Masque of the Red Death This popular short story follows the main character of Prince Prospero who tries to escape a plague called The Red Death, by hiding in his abbey with his noble friends. During this time they have a masked ball which covers many different coloured rooms. During the ball a strange masked figure enters the room dressed in a shroud like costume. This enrages Prospero who demands to know who this person is and wants him hanged. He ignores the Prince and this enrages Prospero who chases after him with a drawn dagger. Prospero confronts the stranger in the Black room and shortly after is found dead. The guests find both Prospero and the stranger on the floor. They remove the mask from the stranger only to find a faceless creature that is Red Death itself. After this all of the nobility succumb to the disease and are found dead. Although the disease is fictitious it might be symbolic of the Black Death that swept through the middle ages in Europe. The point made is that nobody ultimately esc apes death regardless of wealth or position. Death comes to us all in the end. Other theories are that Poe was influenced by the death of his wife Virginia and her suffering due to that of tuberculosis. The Murders in the Rue Morgue Poe first published this murder mystery in 1841 in Grahams Magazine. It tells the story of the brutal saying of two women in the Rue Morgue of Paris. One had her throat cut and the other strangled. This was one of the earliest detective novels that inspired fictional characters of Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot. The central detective figure in this story being one Auguste Dupin. The detective found his first clue by discovering some hair that was not of human origin. In addition witnesses recounted having heard noises and sounds in a language that they had never heard before. Dupin suspected that this might be an Ourang-Outang and set about placing an advert for someone who might have lost such an animal. It was discovered that a sailor had brought one from Borneo and that the animal had escaped with a shaving razor. The animal emulating shaving on the victims. Poe wrote this story at a time when crime and detection was held in great fascination in both London and New York. It aimed at proving the point of brains over brawn i.e. the brains of the skilled detective versus the brute strength of the ape. Poe was said to have inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes) and Agatha Christie (great mystery and detective writer). Comparisons were made to the captivation and treatment of the Ape. As the Ape was brought from its native Borneo to a strange land and subjected to the dangerous practices of its captor (sailor); so the negro was transplanted from Africa to the plantations of the Americas and subject to the bondage and harsh treatment of his new master. The Premature Burial This short story was based upon the concept of being buried alive. It focuses upon a person who has been struck down with a condition called catalepsy which puts you into a death like trance. Here a person is buried alive and only at a later date when the tomb is opened is the accident revealed. Poe takes advantage of a fear that was prevalent amongst people of the 19th century in the concept of being buried alive. It again illustrates Poes fascination with the morbidity of death. The Imp of the Perverse This story is about that of an imp or demon that influences a person in order to conduct acts of mischief. The story starts with a candle, having been placed in the room of a victim, and omits a poisonous vapour. The leads to the death of the victim who reads at night by the candlelight in a poorly ventilated room. The narrator, being the murderer, believes he has got away with the crime after the coroner delivers a verdict of an act of god The narrator subsequently inherits the house and enjoys the benefits from the deed for many years to come. He feels that the only way he will ever be caught is that if he confesses the crime. He later finds himself running through the streets and confesses the deed to an invisible friend. This leads to him being tried, convicted and sentenced to death. The story is based upon the premise that all people lean towards self-destructive tendencies and that ultimately we cannot avoid the moral responsibility for the deed that we perform. Other critics have suggested that the story related purely to Poes life and his depiction of personal torment and self-destruction. It occurred at a time when he felt betrayed and held a public feud with the English poet Henry Longfellow. THE ANGEL OF THE ODD This was a satirical study narrated by Poe in 1844. The story is based upon a man who died after swallowing a needle accidentally. This results in the appearance of an odd character made of a keg and wine bottles (the angel of the odd), who is said to be the root cause of these bizarre events. The man is not convinced of the story and falls into a drunken stupor. The man later wakes up to find that his house is on fire and narrowly escapes death by clambering down a ladder from the upper window of the house. During the escape a hog brushes past the ladder causing the man to fall and break his arm. He later tries to woo two different women who laugh at his wig, this he was forced to wear after his hair was singed in the fire. All of these misadventures lead the man to feel he is cursed and he attempts suicide by drowning. During this incident a crow steals his clothes and the ensuing chase sees the man falling off a cliff only to be rescued by the rope hanging from a hot air balloon. At this time the angel of the odd re-appears and asks him to confess that bizarre events can really happen. The man refuses and the angel cuts the rope allowing the man to fall to his death. This is seen as the revenge of the angel. The story contains many parallels with Poes own life. In particular the results of his addiction with alcohol and possibly drugs. Opiate drugs of a hallucogenic nature were widely used at this time and particularly in sea ports like Baltimore where Poe lived for some time and was known to have become an alcoholic living amongst bad company. Poe was also considered to be a tortured soul of self-destructive tendencies. This contributed to his gothic style of writing. BERENICE Berenice was a horror story compiled by Poe in 1835 and follows the sag of one Egaeus destined to marry his cousin Berenice. His future bride is seen to deteriorate in health by an unknown disease that leaves only her teeth in a healthy state. Berenice dies and is buried leaving Egaeus with an obsession over her teeth. One day a servant enters his room to inform him that Berenices grave has been disturbed and she is still alive. Egaeus is found to have a box containing 32 blood stained teeth with a poem that tells of his visits to the grave of his beloved. This is clearly an indication of the insanity of Egaeus and his obsession with the only healthy remaining component of the teeth. Critics were shocked by the gruesome account and graphic horror of the story. They questioned Poes state of mind to write such stories. Poe may well have been influenced by the suffering of his wife Victoria and dyeing from Tuberculosis as she suffered an agonising and prolonged death. There is also some question over Poes sanity given his connection to drink, drugs and tendencies of self-destruction and his fascination with death. ELEONORA Eleonora tells the story of the narrator who resides with his cousin in the valley of the many coloured grass. It was considered to be an idyllic paradise of tropical birds, fragrant flowers, and softly running streams. Eleonora was ill and was beautiful only waiting to die. She did not fear death but only the loss of her lover from the valley to another. Once Eleonora dies the valley starts to fade and lose its splendour. The narrator leaves the valley and moves to a City where he meets and marries Emengarde. Eleonora visits the narrator from the afterlife and blesses the couple stating that they are absolved and the reasons would be made known in heaven. This has a direct correlation with the life of Poe and particular the suffering and death of his wife Virginia. During the time that she suffered for five years Poe lived with his younger cousin who later became his wife. It is the question of guilt and absolution from sins. Poe considering his feelings for the love of other women whilst his wife was dying. Poe was clearly tormented by the suffering of his wife. GOTHIC WRITING PERIOD SIGNIFICANCE The concept of gothic horror writing derives from the Germanic race of Goths or Visigoths in Europe. These people were well known in Europe as a fierce race of people that dealt in tales of death and the supernatural. Gothic writing has been associated with horror since the mid-18th Century. In particular the literary works of Edgar Allan Poe and Bram Stoker (the author of Dracula). The style of gothic writing gained its popularity during the period 1750-1820. In England the Bronte Sisters and particularly Emily with the story of Wuthering Heights. In the USA this was picked up in the South by such writers as William Faulkner and his book entitled A rose for Emile. Another was the Pulitzer Prize winning book of To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and made into a great film starring Gregory Peck. Poe believed his art-all art-should be evaluated by international, rather than national or regional, standards, but he was, nonetheless, frequently identified at the time with the South. He did not defend his regions politics or social customs, like other antebellum southern writers, but his lyricism was common to southern poets. Raised a Virginian, Poe sometimes posed as the southern gentleman, even if transcending regionalism in his work.  [13]   THE POLITICAL CHANGES IN THE SOUTH During the division between the North and Southern states it was widely held that Poe was politically motivated towards the South Certain scholars perceive this conflict in terms of a North-South division and view Poe as the representative of a southern literary tradition fighting against the domination of the New England literary circle.  [14]  Despite serving in the Union Army and spending time at West Point it was widely held that Poes sympathies remained with the south; based upon his formative years in Richmond Virginia. Poe became somewhat controversial in that he defended the point of view regarding slavery in the South. He drew parallels between ant-slavery agitation at the time of Cromwell (England) and the French Revolution. He pointed out that these were all about an attack on property; the excuse being the freedom of the slaves. He further stated that recent events in the West Indies and the Southern States all give rise to the potential recurrence of a property grab being initiated by Northern States land owners who are politically motivated. Poe went on to say that there existed a relationship between the slave and the master; the slave being very loyal to the Master. The Master in turn provided employment, shelter and security. Poe wrote this from the perspective of a southern family who had owned slaves. He was particularly vocal during his editorship of the Messenger in Virginia and he published a number of tablets referred to as Pinakidia.  [15]   Poe saw a trend in the market place where a huge number of publications were being sold that depicted the graphic horror of slavery. Poe utilized this trend in his own narration covering both the pro and anti-slavery viewpoints. As such many of his tales traded upon the terror of slavery. Poe masters the concept of slavery in order to invoke terror into his readers. In the story of Hop Frog he indicates how the literary market place turns the author into a slave for the voracious appetite of the audiences for horror.  [16]  Poe deals with the integration of slavery into that of racial stereotyping as seen in Murders in the Rue Morgue, the ape that has been captured and forced to respond to a strange land. CONCLUSIONS Edgar Allan Poe achieved greater acclaim as an author and a poet in international circles as opposed to in the USA. His literary executor Rufus Griswald was considered to be both jealous and an enemy of Poe. He branded Poe as a drunkard and opium addict and defamed him to American literary society. It was some 50 years after Poes death that the genius of his work started to receive international acclaim. Poe in a way went downhill after the death of his wife and he became much more involved

Chysalids Compared To By The Waters Of Babylon Essay -- essays researc

Two very good stories are The Chrysalids by John Wyndham and â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† by Stephen Vincent Benet. Both these stories are sci-fi and depict what human civilizations will be like after a nuclear holocaust. The result of the holocaust has altered the Hill People and Waknuk people’s morals and religious beliefs. The main difference between the stories is one is viewing the future as positive the other is portraying the future negatively. The Chrysalids was a better story. It portrayed what humans act like. In the following paragraphs many points will be looked upon to prove that The Chrysalids is a better story. The Chrysalids takes place in an eastern part of Canada called Labrador. It is set in the future after a nuclear holocaust has occurred. The town of Waknuk is isolated because the surrounding areas have heavy radiation and nothing can survive there. Because of this isolation Waknukians had to make up new religious and moral beliefs. Both these stories have many similarities as well as many differences. Some of the most visible similarities are in the setting. They are both set in the future after a nuclear holocaust. Both stories are set in small villages where laws are strict and the surrounding areas of the villages are forbidden. Both civilizations have lost all knowledge of past civilizations, they must recreate beliefs and morals the best they can. As well they also thought very highly of the Old People. What these villages do not understand they make up stories to explain them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the differences in setting are some Hill People know what is around them. No one in Waknuk knows what is around them. In â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† priests are allowed to go into dead places, where as in Waknuk no one is allowed to go into the fringes. â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† takes place in New York. The Chrysalids is set in Labrador. What the Hill People do not understand they attributed to God where as in Waknuk what is unknown is associated with the devil. The novel The Chrysalids starts out when the main character, David is having a dream. The dream is about a city with flying objects in the sky and buggies without horses to pull them. After this dream David is curious of what this city is. He realizes he has the gift of telepathy. He and the others with telepathy must keep it a secret or they will be banished... ...s. The themes of these stories are alike in the sense that they both show strict religious views. There laws are very strict and clear. The themes are different in the way that society is presented. In The Chrysalids humans are portrayed as being ignorant and negative. On the other hand â€Å"By The Waters of Babylon† presents humans as being accepting and optimistic. The most significant difference in these stories is the way the societies think. The Waknuk people refuse to change and are very stubborn. The Hill People are accepting of the truth and are willing to change. The novel The Chrysalids went into a lot more detail and seemed more relatable then â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon.† The best story is The Chrysalids. It portrayed society more accurately. It was also more exciting and realistic. Both these stories were well written. They had many similarities as well as many differences. The better story of the two is The Chrysalids by Jon Wyndham. His story went into greater detail and was more exciting. The plot of The Chrysalids was also a lot more elaborate. After observing many points about setting, plot, characters and theme the more accurate story of humans is The Chrysalids.

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter using Bellows as Sensor R. Sarkar, Animesh Ghosh, Lipika Ghosh and N. Mandal Asansol Engineering College Vivekananda Sarani, Kanyapur, Asansol-713305 E-mail: [email  protected] com, ghoshanimesh. [email  protected] com, [email  protected] com Abstract: Bellows, an elastic type pressure sensor is generally used as a local indicator. To transmit the signal of bellows to a remote distance some technique is needed.In the present paper a Hall probe sensor has been used to convert the bellows movement into voltage signal which can be converted into 4 – 20 mA current signal and transmitted to a remote indicator. It has been observed that the transducer and transmitter outputs against pressure have a very good linearity and repeatability. The necessary theoretical equations along with experimental results are reported in the paper. Keywords: pressure measurement, bellows, Pressure transmitter, Magnet, Hall Probe. I. INTRODUCTION Pressu re is an important measuring and controlling technical parameter during industrial production process.In order to operate industrial production well, pressure should be accurately measured and controlled. Pressure can be measured in terms of absolute or gauge. The absolute pressure can be measured in terms of height of a liquid column in a manometer whereas the gauge pressure is measured by different types of sensors [1-4]. As for example bourdon tube, diaphragm, capsule, bellow element etc. operate as primary sensing elements for measuring positive or negative gauge pressure. The sensors like strain gauge, piezoresistance, LVDT, capacitive element, inductive element etc. ct as secondary sensors to measure positive or negative gauge pressure. The negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure can also be measured by many other sensors like pirani gauge, ionization gauge, McLeod gauge etc. In industrial application it is required to transmit the measured pressure to a remote distance. He nce in a pressure transmitter, the change of sensor parameter due to the change of fluid pressure is converted into an electric or pneumatic signal by using a suitable transducer and that signal after amplification is transmitted to a remote receiver.Thus the pressure transducer is a vital part of any pressure transmitter and its performance determines the reliability of operation of the transmitter. Many works on development of reliable pressure transducer are still being reported by different groups of workers. B. Raveendran et al. [5] have designed and developed a MEMS based wireless modular pressure transmitter. A Bourdon tube based pressure transmitter unit using an improved inductance bridge network has been studied by S. C. Bera et al. [6]. Y. Ruan et al. 7] have developed a multipoint wireless pressure transmitting system composed of pressure sensor PTB203, A/D converter ADC0804, MCU STC89C52, wireless communication module CC1101, receiver module STC89C52, CC1101 and display module LCD1602. Zeng Mingru et al. [8] have developed a HART Protocol based intelligent pressure transmitter which is compatible with both analog and digital signals. K. Subramanian et al. [9] have developed MEMS type capacitive pressure sensor with sensitivity of the order of few fF/ kPa. Universal frequency to digital converter (UDFC) technique has been used by S.Y. Yurish [10] to develop an intelligent digital pressure transducer. A multiplexed frequency transmitter technique has been used by R. Vrba et al. [11] to design a reliable pressure transducer using ceramic diaphragm. In the present paper, a hall probe based pressure measurement technique has been developed. In this technique a permanent magnet is placed on the tip of the bellows with the Hall probe sensor on the top of the outside fitting of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The movement of the bellows tip is measured by a hall probe sensor.With the change of pressure the distance between magnet and the hall sensor d ecreases and so the magnetic intensity at the sensor increases. The Hall sensor senses this increase of magnetic field intensity and accordingly its output voltage increases with the increase of pressure. This signal is nonlinearly related with the movement of float. But for very small movement of the bellows this voltage will be almost linear. The experimental results are reported in the paper. The block diagram of the proposed transducer is shown in Fig. 1. Necessary athematical equations have been derived to explain the theory of operation of the transducer as well as transmitter. A prototype unit along with the signal conditioner has been designed and fabricated. The experiments have been performed to find out the static characteristics of the sensor, transducer and transmitter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. A very good linearity and repeatability of results with adjustable sensitivity of the transducer has been observed. [pic] Fig. 1: Diagram of the propos ed transducer along with float and hall probe sensorII. METHOD OF APPROACH In the present paper the pressure is sensed by a bellows. A magnet is placed on the top of the bellows. And the hall probe on the bellows chamber. The float movement of the bellows is converted into voltage by a hall probe sensor. Output voltage is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier INA101 and then converted into 4-20 mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. This signal is then transmitted to remote station with negligible loss. Let the pressure is [pic] and the corresponding height of the bellows tip from reference is [pic].In bellows the height of the tip is proportional to pressure and is written as [pic](1) where [pic] is the constant Now the distance of the hall probe from the magnet is [pic](2) where [pic] is the total length of the hall probe from reference. In the present work the magnet is selected to be a circular permanent magnet. Let the radius and width of the magnet be ‘ [pic]’ and‘[pic]’ respectively. Hence magnetic field at the hall probe due to magnet is [pic](3) where [pic] is the constant depending on the pole strength of the magnet, its radius and permeability of air which are all constants.Since [pic] equation (3) is reduced to [pic] (4) [pic](5) The above equation is equally true for very low pressure also. Since at low pressure [pic], so equation (5) is reduced to [pic] (6) Now the output hall voltage [pic] of the hall sensor is proportional to [pic] if the current passing through the sensor be kept constant and hence it is given by [pic](7) where [pic] is the constant of proportionality. Hence from equations (5) & (7) [pic] (8) or, [pic](9) where [pic] is another constant. Therefore from equations (1), (8) and (9), the output from hall probe is given by [pic](10) pic] (11) [pic](12) Therefore output is linearly related with pressure. III. DESIGN In the present design a cylindrical permanent magnet is selected of inner r adius [pic], depth [pic], width [pic]. In our present design, [pic]. The output of hall sensor is amplified by INA101 based instrumentation amplifier. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier is set by external resistor R1. This output signal is first converted into amplified voltage signal [pic]in the range 1-5 volt D. C. and then into current signal[pic] in the range 4-20mA D. C. y a signal conditioner circuit as shown in Fig. 2. After calibration the output of the transmitter becomes 4mA when [pic]is 1 volt and pressure[pic]is zero psig and 20mA when [pic]is 5 volt and pressure[pic]is at maximum range [pic]of the bellows. Hence the transmitter voltage output[pic] in volt and current output[pic]in mA may be written as, [pic] (13) and [pic] (14) From (13) and (14), [pic] (15) where [pic]and [pic](16) [pic] Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed pressure transmitter using bellows element as sensing device pic] Fig. 3: Circuit diagram of hall probe based pressure indicator IV. EXPERI MENT The experiment is performed in two steps. In the first step, the proposed transducer was designed, fabricated and mounted on the outside cover of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The bellows with the above sensor was first fitted with a dead weight tester and the dead weight of the dead weight tester was increased in steps and in each step the Hall voltage output is measured and the characteristics of the hall sensor based transducer unit is determined.The characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure is shown in Fig. 4. Experiment was repeated both in increasing and decreasing modes for several times and the standard deviation curve for six observations is shown in Fig. 6. In the second step the output of the pressure transmitter is taken in terms of current signal and he characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. [pic] Fig. 4: Characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure [pic] Fig. 5: Percentage deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic]Fig. 6: Standard Deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic] Fig. 7: Characteristic graph of hall probe based pressure transmitter V. DISCUSSION The characteristic of hall probe sensor is nonlinear in nature. But change of hall probe voltage is quite linear as shown in Fig. 4. The linear nature of the curve is due to the fact that the movement of the tip of the bellows for the entire pressure range is generally very small and hall probe voltage due to small change of distance between hall probe and magnet lies almost in the linear zone.The percentage deviation curves from linearity as shown in Fig 5 also indicate that the percentage deviation from linearity also lies within the tolerable limit. A very good repeatability of the experimental data was also observed as shown by the standard deviation curves in Figs. 6. The characteristic of the whole transmitter is almost linear as shown in Fig 7. The design of the system is very sim ple and the hall probe & the permanent magnet are now available at a very low cost. Hence the cost of the pressure transmitter will be low. References: 1] J. P. Bentley, Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd ed. Longman Singapore Publishers (pvt) Ltd. , Singapore, 1995. 2] E. O. Doeblin, Measurement System Application and Design, 4th ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. 3] B. G. Liptak, Process Measurement and Analysis, 3rd ed. , U. K. Butterworth Heinman, Oxford, 1999. 4] D. M. Considine, Process Instruments and Control Hand Book, 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974. 5] Raveendran, B. ; Subhash, K. M. â€Å"Design of modular pressure transmitter with wireless capability† IEEE Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012, pp 1 – 3 6] Bera, S. C. ; Mandal, N. ; Sarkar, R. â€Å"Study of a Pressure Transmitter Using an Improved Inductance Bridge Network and Bourdon Tube as Transducer† IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measureme nt, Vol 60 , Issue 4 , Year: 2011 , pp 1453 – 1460 7] Yaocan Ruan; Minghao He; Shuran Song; Tiansheng Hong â€Å"Multipoint wireless pressure detecting system† 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2011 IEEE Conference, 2011 , PP 4091 – 4094 8] Zeng Mingru; You Wentang; Qian Xin , â€Å"The development of intelligent pressure transmitter based on HART Protocol† IEEE Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Eco systems and Technologies (EDT), Vol. , 2010 , pp 121 – 124 9] Kanakasabapathi Subramanian, Jeffrey B. Fortin, and Kuna Kishore, â€Å"Scalable vertical diaphragm pressure sensors: device and process design, design for packaging† IEEE Sensors Journal. , vol. 6, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 618-622 10] S. Y. Yurish, â€Å"Intelligent digital pressure sensors and transducers based on universal frequency-to-digital converters† (UFDC-1), Sensors & Transducers Journal. , vol. 60, no. 10, October 2005, pp. 432-438. 11] Radimir Vrba, Miroslav Sveda and Karel Marecek, â€Å"Pressure transducer with multiplexed frequency transmitter†, Slconi04 – Seoron for industry Conference, New Orleans, Louisiaiib, USA, 27th -29th January, 2004, pp. 07-10.