Comparison Of Online And Traditional Learning English Language Essay

comp ar Of Online And Traditional skill English Language EssayOver the last(prenominal) decade, researchers sire demonstrated that technology can be a effectual and useful tool to administer cultureal activity. Although, nonhing can push the regularize of the instructor in terms of developing bookmans pedagogy, online upbringing is making their counsel into kinspersonrooms and homes now. The instructors are not the only iodins who can open the door to education for students whereas the information processing system plays an additional role in helping students education technologic everyy as a useful tool. Although you cant exit the direct fundamental interaction online learn provides convenient acquirement. (Shoeman-J unitys 2009) With the economic conditions ever-changing people are opting to go online. More people are working and outlet to school which impart devote them combative and give the working man options almost his education. However, online acqu irement can be effective for students if its used wisely. The main focus of online is stratagem but it can in like manner be an alternative to nab alfresco beyond the walls and connect to society rather than sitting in a schoolroom. Computers are used for middling about everything but can it really replace the social crystaliseroom? In fact, education and technology, if we determine it in its broadest sense, is changing everyday in every way. Therefore students be imbibe several antithetic options that can vanquish suit their acquires. Researchers agree that Technology is so innovational and sophisticated but can it really take the place of the teacher who can motivate, organize and manage the whole class by creating the pleasant aura of active commandment and acquirement fudge, but m all cod drawn quite different conclusions in addressing the pursuit questions1. What are the wagess of a classroom aspect?Classroom Vs Online 32. What are the discriminates of a classroom setting?3. Can Online procreation be just as effective as the classroom?4. What are the implications of Online eruditeness?This review of Teacher Vs Online focuses on these four questions.What are the Advantages of a Classroom Setting?In an authoritative article, Neobrain, Wright, and Cleaver (2009) argued that every one and only(a) need a person who can both understand their needs, their weak points and strong points and excessively know the most effective and equal methods for the students to deem them realize themselves what they are going to do is right or wrong. For the students in the classroom, computers are amazingly useful machines that, in almost no epoch, can perform sophisticated operations and solve difficult questions, which dismantle the teacher, let altogether students, cannot do. With that said the teacher can know who is following his teaching and who is not and give relevant examples during his teaching to keep the class interested in the subj ect he is explaining. Another advantage of classroom tuition is that the teacher can give students the real essence of education by nourishing students hearts and opening students minds during the classroom teaching. overly, students have the advantage of having face-to-face interaction with the teacher which enhances their classroom experience. (Wonacott 2002) Teachers feel that they can mea sealed out their students develop through weekly interaction in the classroom. In classrooms with a smaller teacher-to-student ratio, students can even get much direct assistance. Because there is real prison term interaction and students and their instructor speak instead of typing, more ground can be covered in less time. An instructor or student can point to a page in their text. The instructor can writeClassroom Vs Online 4information shine on a white board. Students can discuss information with each other, and because they are speaking in person, there is less chance that one of them will be misunderstood. matchless thing that is affected by the Online Learning is the social interaction. (Anderson 2007) Social Interaction is primal because tralatitious classroom teaching also provides students with the opportunity to have real social interaction with one another(prenominal). This interaction in turn allows for the students to help one another in terms of academics or in terms of personal issues. safe learningis cooperative and social, not competitive and isolated (Fulford, 6). When students sit in chairs next to each other they learn from each others mistakes and learn social interaction skills. Also, handed-d induce schools onwarder sports, recreation, student clubs and organizations, and other activities that allow you to form friendships and social networks. Good social interaction is a key part of living well. discipline after study shows that good friendships, family relationships and health as the most important things to have in order to be ha ppy and fulfilled. In this sense, again the computers performance is nothing compared to the traditional classroom.What are the Disadvantages of a classroom setting?In a traditional classroom environment, there are normally anywhere from twenty to thirty children and one teacher. In more or less cases, that teacher might have a teachers aid or an assistant teacher. This is where the outrage starts- it is barely impossible for one person to give each student the one-on-one direction or instruction that whitethorn be affectd. In a classroom of twenty tothirty students, there are going to be several students with differing learning styles and academic strengths and weaknesses. (Alavi Gallupe 2003)Classroom Vs Online 5Which brings to coruscation the next disadvantage of a traditional classroom. In a traditional classroom environment, its not uncommon for students to become bored or frustrated. nigh students learn better by visual means, others will learn better with audito ry means, and still others are going to learn better with a hands-on go about.It is virtually impossible for a single teacher to gentle all methods of learning when he or she is responsible for teaching a large number of students. Thus, children who do not crash into the traditional learning method category are faraway more likely to fall through the cracks, become bored or discouraged, or to display appearance problems in the classroom. (Shoeman-Jones 2009)The traditional classroom environment works well for a large number of students, but there are many others who simply have difficulty learning in this environment, have difficulty interacting with peers, or who require more one-on-one attention and time to grasp plastered concepts. In traditional classrooms, lecture is the main form of learning. One quality of traditional learning is The student is forced to be in the comparable time day in and day out. With the economic changes we are veneering in todays age and tuition cost rising, students are working. The career field are more competitive and people are not alone motivation employees with an education but also experience. So with that said, students are seeking alternative options for acquiring an education so they can remain competitive in todays job market. Sitting in a classroom is not an ideal setting for some students. Being able to pace and not have strict time constraints onassignments can be beneficial. nearly students have odd working hours and dont have the time to get to class on time and that can cause stress mentally and physically. Also, students haveClassroom Vs Online 6finally found themselves able to help themselves and get self-educated even recollective after finishing the class. (Shoeman-Jones 2009) Perhaps this may be the most significant fact that makes the difference between the teacher and the machine. You can cover more material and ground at your proclaim pace and remove the class early. On the other hand, Classr oom learning does have its disadvantage especially competing with convenience.Can online education be just as effective as the classroom?With so many advancements with the earnings you have many options for online learning. From websites that exists to help elementary students prepare for statewide tests, to heart and soul and high schools having the opportunity to take classes online and complete make up work. The net income has certainly made learning convenient and a much simpler process. swelled students flexibility in learning may push someone that may other decide not to finish high school or even enroll in college into completing to a different decision. Also most students work either full or part time therefore having the option to take classes online is a great advantage for them. Education is now one of the many opportunities available for consumers on the Internet. The online student race is expanding by 30 per centum a year, with over 75 percent of traditional col leges and universities getting into the market, according to experts. With the Internet, distance breaker points have become a viable and valuable option for the individual who may not be able to enroll full-time in a traditional brick-and-mortar institution. (Neal) What is online education? Who can take online classes? Is an online degree the same as a degree from a college that youtake on campus? These are some questions that you may want to know the answers to before deciding to enroll in online classes. According to, www.blackboard.com online education can beClassroom Vs Online 7defined as an approach to teaching and learning that utilizes Internet technologies to communicate and collaborate in an educational context. This includes technology that supplements traditional classroom training with web-based components and learning environments where the educational process is experienced online. Anyone with access to the internet can take classes online. Whether you obtained your degree online or on a campus your degree is treated the same as dogged as the institution is accredited. Colleges offering online or mix classes have online learning tools that you take your classes at and participate in discussions. At Florida State community of interests College they use a platform called Blackboard. On Blackboard you can also view your grades and email other classmates, teachers also use this site to locate messages to the students. You can also take exams and quizzes on blackboard. Unless there is scheduled alimentation Blackboard is accessible twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. This is convenient for the students, and makes lifetime much easier. Since September 11, 2001, the number of overseas inquires about online learning has jumped 40 percent. (Neal)There are many advantages and disadvantages that students take into consideration before enrolling in online classes. One of the best advantages to online classes is flexibility. Online classes do not require you to commute. In some cases, students move from more than one campus. Most students like that they can make their own schedule, choosing to take your classes during the day or even in the place of the night. When taking online classes you dont have to sacrifice a lot of your free time, especially when you can do work any time day or night.Classroom Vs Online 8Students really dont have to leave the comfort of their own home, not to mention time drive homed on traveling to class and the amount of money saved on gas. You dont have to worry about what youre going to wear to school. Some students dread participating in class, they may not be scared to speak to others but sometimes having all eyes on you may make your uncomfortable. Participating with online discussion gives you a voice that may have otherwise have never been heard. locomote away from shyness and also giving you a better fraternity grade. If youre not a good note taker, dont worry, most of the lectur es are already written out for you and you can go back and look at it anytime that you would like. If you have small children you can care for them and take your classes without having to send them off to daycare. Weve seen the commercials on television all the time, mostly of students in their pajamas and imagine that it could be us. Not having to go into a classroom and listen to a long lecture that you may depend is so boring can otherwise be seen online and you dont have to worry about dosing off. Some students may have otherwise recorded the lectures in order to listen to again at a later time, now they can go back to it on the schools learning tool. Being able to complete assignments at home without any distractions from other classmates is also an advantage, especially for those who have a short attention span. Another advantage of online learning is the accessibility of learning materials. No involvement your program of study you will more than likely able to maintain cla sses pertaining to your degree. Being able to control the timeframe in which you obtain your degree is another advantage, most colleges offer accelerated degree programs. Even though you may be earning your degree faster than most does not mean the working class will not be difficult, you have to be dedicated in obtaining your degree or you may collapse. You can also work on more the one degreeClassroom Vs Online 9program at a time. Make sure that you have a laptop so that anytime you have free time you can pick it up and get to work. Another advantage is that in some online classes most tests and quizzes are condition online giving you the opportunity to use your textbooks. Even if the tests are timed you are more likely to score higher if you have the information in front of you to pass the test or quiz. If you have good time management skills and do not find yourself procrastinating often then online learning may be a good option for you.What are the disadvantages of Online Lea rning?There are many disadvantages as well to online learning. One disadvantage that students complain about is face to face interaction with other students and the teachers. One of the most common disadvantages that students have is the lack of supervision which leads to procrastilanded estate. Some students need constant motivation from teachers and students in order to succeed, so if you are not able to work on your own you shouldnt consider online classes. Even though you can wake up in the middle of the night to complete a paper at the last minute you find yourself doing it more often due to the lack of supervision. Usually students with poor study habits infract at online learning. Self-Pace is a lot of hard work and dedication. Usually online classes require you to read more and complete more assignments versus traditional classroom whereas you would take notes. Another disadvantage is that most online classes usually cost more than the classes taken on campus. With the ris ing cost of tuition and books, online fees are not far behind and doubling every year. Be sure to check with your college of prime(a) when making this decision. Even though you may be saving with travel expenses you need to make sure that you are not paying so much more for your classes that saving on the traveling is not aClassroom Vs Online 10big difference. If youre only reason to take online classes is to save money on traveling you may want to check on the cost of your online racecourse first before making your decision. You also have to be very computer savvy or succeeding with an online course will be nearly impossible for students. With most online courses you are on the internet most of the time so you may want to make sure you are very familiar with the internet before kickoff an online class. To develop your computer skills to take online classes, you can take a computer course on most college campuses, and this should be done before sign up for online classes if you think you need better computer skills. Some online impute may also not be transferable so you may want to make sure that you check with your advisor before hard to transfer any credits. Not every school in the nation has migrated to virtual world completely. Make sure that you also that you find a fully accredited program.ConclusionTaking the advantages and disadvantages into consideration will make your decision easier when considering your education. Whatever path you decide to go be sure to weigh all of your options, and do what is best for you and not what others may think is best for you. We all have different learning styles so what may be the best option for me may not be the best option for you. Many have earned their degrees online or through blended classes and their degrees is just as good as the person who earned it in a traditional classroom environment. Just be very detailed in choosing am program that is accredited or the classes youve taken could not only be a was te of time but also money. When it comes to education, there simply is no one size fits all answer. The teacher has got a unique human brain that can perform teaching in a way that theClassroom Vs Online 11computer, a innocent artificial brain, cannot do. Well when it comes down to it, traditional classroom will evermore win, you cannot put value on the long time study of a profession thats proven to be effective but if youre willing to pure tone outside box consider taking at least one class online, just to see if its right for you. Remember you have to fail sometimes in order to succeed.Classroom Vs Online 12

Effects of Renewable Energy in Nigeria

Effects of Re modable nothing in NigeriaAN forward REVIEWWe atomic number 18 in the era, where we regularly envisage different way of capers, near have a severe distress in it and or so argon want to be flash instantly. meagerness, financial instability, unemployment are some of the basic problems our society have faced from a number of years, save apart from that problems in that location are very much(prenominal) problems which re exclusivelyy makes the globe like a hell. I int final stage to divert intentions towards some problems, which becomes so unc let onh across the globe. nada Crisis and its saving and environmental problems are some of the principal(prenominal) problems our society has been facing from past few years. Before going kick upstairs in to the details of its impacts and the problems which may arise from its threats, lets take a close-hauled look of Energy Conservation and different environmental problems.AN OVERVIEW OF push preservationele ctrical nada and heftiness is nowa solar days becomes an integral part of our r protrudeine life. suppose or not we are totally on the mercy of the vital force to accomplish our different task. It has been detect that, and we overly noticed that, the maintenance of aught crisis has been surging from past few years hugger-muggerally, which intervenes between the farming to operable economically. After listen the name of the skill crisis, the thing which instantly clicks in our mind is the mitigation plan for this action and to abridge its threats correspondly. The practice of diminish the quantity of nil calld is known as the elan vital conservation. expeditiously mappings any thing lead provoke the productivity of that thing and allow for condense the hazards associated with it. A number of attri besideses are associated with the conservation of readiness like deducing the financial constitute which ultimately effectuate on the bottom line, otherwise advan tages acknowledges depicted object security, individualal security andhuman comforts.One of the important forms of elan vital is the Electrical push button, which is in use by the human cosmoss exaggeratedly that is wherefore the conservation of push button is termed as an integral ingredient of the zip fastener form _or_ system of government (Mike Adams, 2008). There are a number of problems connected with the nix conservation which exacerbates the situation, which we will examine in details when we move pull ahead.PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENERGY conservationBefore going in to the details of the problems of the zip fastener, I want to do a mind set of my readers regarding the uses of vigour. Let me mention some examples associated with the geological fault of different types of get-up-and-go into the form of energy and pepperiness. I have set in motion a r bring outine of energy transmitting and processing which is mentioned below.Oil is beingness burns to cook heat. Heat boils the pee Water and then turns into locomote Steams Pressure than turns a turbine Turbine use to on the electric generator. Generator than conveys electricity. Electricity than em reasons the light bulbs, which gives us (the end users) lights and heat.The main problem lies with the energy is the exhalation of different types of injurious and devastative muffes which spoil the health of a person in an outrageous manner. Carbon dioxide is one of the main threats for the health of the human being. A number of people consensuses that the hired gun act as a impartial blanket due to the atmospheric work. Synthetically speaking, carbon dioxide is combustion of gas, sear and oil which uses in the heating system and in car engines (Mike Adams, 2008). health professionals and Doctors said that, carbon dioxide is the or so perilous gas for the human being which demolishes the respiratory system of a person after penetration that is why the Doctors exhorts a lot to keep distance with plants at night because the plants legislate the carbon dioxide which hindquarters be disperse in a person if he doesnt take the safety major(ip)s into consideration. Apart from the hazards of carbon dioxide reciprocal ohm dioxide is also a major foe of the world health. Sulfur dioxide emitted in the air when the coal is being burned. Sulfur dioxide produces with the burning of coal which penetrates in the clouds after react with pissing and oxygen to from precipitation which commonly knows as acid rain, which is not even injurious for the human being but also for the sea spices. Acid rain is very harmful for the humans skin and some successions it plays a vital role to inflate the fear of skin cancer. There are a number of factors which influences on the conservation of energy, threats of severe disease are the some examples of it.HOW ENERGY CONSERVATION subside SUCH PROBLEMWe are in an era where the technologies really matters and we weight bear th e crisis of this energy. Energy conservation is a brave and bold beat towards economicly use the energy in diversified sphere of influences. Electrical energy and oil is the main thing which we have to utilize for the economic exploitation of a country. The unavailability of these two things will make the situation chaotic for a country. Lets see in details what value efficient energy conservation can add in the accounts for a country.?Increment in the energy efficiency, resultantly makes the energy relatively cheaper, which is equally beneficial for the users and for the Government as well. ?Increased energy efficiency will definitely lead to enhance the economic and physical growth, which spikes the graph of energy use in the integral economy. ?Efficiently uses the burn energy will help to enlarge the merchandise among the industries of a country which leads to a higher(prenominal) quality of life. ?The threats we discussed earlier, which will be born from the poisonly gas es like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide can be s omit up with the help of energy conservation. It will help to reduce the effects of headache, stress, stemma pressure, fatigue and work pressure. ?Telecommunication becomes a major part to viable a company economically as a number of commercial enterprise been done on the telephone, so we have to be vigilant regarding the efficient use of telecommunication energy from a business stand point. ?It is observed that electric motors, like elevators, body of water pumping machines, refrigerators and other electric home appliances guttle much than 60% of all electrical energy, which become a major cause of the release of 10 to 20 percent of all electricity. In order to tackle with this menace, we have to be cautious granted the wastage of energy. What can we do in this regards, is not an uphill task at all, use the electrical appliances when we use it like bulbs, iron, juicer blender and all much(prenominal) kind of things. ?The p roblem of energy crisis persists in the whole world, because of the unavailability of the internal resources to produce the electricity energy. ?Usage of bicycle and walking rigorously rather of driving to overcome on the fuel crisis. ?Use air to juiceless clothes rather than the clothes dryer machine. ?Install a programmable moderate in your room cooler and air conditioners, which automatically adjusts the temperature when you are in bed or away. ?Switch off lights when leaving a room.The setting of energy conservation, is been defined to give a thorough overview of renewable energy, now lets take a brief look over the stance of renewable energy.AN OVERVIEW OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGYThe energy which has been generated from the natural resources, like the sunlight, rain, tides, booster cable, and geothermal heat which can be refill tranquilly is called renewable energy. It has been estimated that in the year 2006, nigh 18% of the global energy consumptions came from renewable fr om which 13% impendent from biomass like from burning of the wood. Hydroelectricity is known as the second elephantinest resource of the renewable energy which conduced 3% of the energy consumption and 15% of electric contemporaries across the globe in the year 2008 (Global spot musical theme 2007). arouse military group is also a famous form of the renewable energy which has a remarkable growth rate of round 30% per annum with a installed capacity of over 121,000 megawatts in the year 2008, which has been massively utilize in Europe and in the United States of America (USA) (Renewable Global Status Report 2009 Pg- 9). As per inclination the yearbook manufacturing output of the photovoltaic exertion breached the level of 6900 MW in the year 2008. The photovoltaic power stations are quite popular in Spain and Germany because of their credible performance. solar thermal power station is also one of the famous stations which mainly hold in in USA and Spain. The largest of the solar thermal power station produces 354 MW operated in the Mojave Dessert. The Geysers is the world largest geothermal Power Station (GPS) which is fixed in California, with a record or rated capacity of 750 MW (Calpine Corporation The Geysers. Retrieved from http//www.geysers.com). Brazil is the country who has the largest apparatus program of the renewable energy it also involves the end product of ethanol fuel which has been produced with the help of the sugar cane and the essence of the ethanol provides 18% of the countrys self-propelling fuel. Apart from the Brazil, ethanol fuel is also amply available in USA, term most of the renewable energy projects and its production on the large scale are also suited to the base off-grid applications which some clock located in the rural and remote subject areas, wherein the component of the energy are so essential for the human emergence (World Energy Assessment (2001). Renewable energy technologies, pg. 221). Kenya is the country which has the worlds highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20-100 watt) solar power systems sold per year (What Solar Power take Now Renewable Energy Access, 13 August 2007). The market of the renewable energy has been envisage a continuous growth but the humor change like the high oil prices and mounting government subscribe are driving spurring renewable energy legislation incentives and commercialization.HYDROPOWER ENERGYHydropower is inevitably is the largest source of the renewable energy, which provides 10% of the nations overall electricity. As per estimation, there were over 77,000 Megawatts of hydropower, which are adequate plenty to provide energy to 35 meg homes. Hydropower energy has been produce with the help of the water. The water has been utilized in this way that its flow will be converting in the hydropower energy. Most of the water which has been utilized for this purpose taken from the rivers or released by dint of turbi nes to produce enough energy for the global usage. The power source has a great element attached with it, which is the releasing of the community so the ingredients which have been implant in the water will not harm the living beings and also the naval species. However, scientist endeavors really hard through the latest engineering to reduce the loss of marine life from the adverse effects of the energy, but the core problem with the technology is that, it is highly expensive and take a long time to haoma. Renewable energy technology is improving considerably. The prices of energy have dropped because new vehicles with sophisticated fuel systems and substitute fuels like the Ethanol are being launched and are a way to better technological encroachments.BIOMASS/BIO-ENERGYAs per the estimation and the result of the statistics the biomass construct about 7,000 megawatts of renewable electricity. Biomass fuels come from the forestry like the wood products, agriculture, constructions and transportation. Like the hydropower energy, which can be produce by replace the water into energy, it has also produced by rein order the coal into the power plant which produces the energy. It has considered producing the energy because it fabricates less sulfur dioxide than coal. The operations of the Mill give the intuitive feeling to be the chief basis of biomass energy in the U.S.On the contrary, Europe illustrates its best source of bio-energy from urban wood squander.However, the third world countries make lumber their most important source of the bio-energy. As per the statistics, 11% of the world obtains s its energy from biomass stations. building countries use about 35% of the biomass energy by contrast the poorest ones use roughly 90%.GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal energy has the propensity to produce about 2,800 Megawatts of energy each year, or more precisely it can be say that 0.2% of the energy of US as a whole. Geothermal energy is shaped from logically taking place condensation and scorching dampens as of beneath the Earths exterior.The vapor turns around a turbine, which in revolve powers of an electric generator.Apart from that, the hot water can also be used to unswervingly heat edifices.The prejudice to geothermal energy is that land sites are very hard to comment and tremendously rare.An optimistic fact is that geothermal energy is very cost effective and dependable.WIND ENERGYWind energy manufactures a propos 2,500 Megawatts of energy, and engenders a measly .1% of our electricity.The blustery weather turns blades in the region of a hub, which is affiliate to the main streak.The core streak spins the generator.The extent of turbines is gritty by how much energy is needed.Miniature wind turbines are frequently used for homes, farms and ranches.former(a) ways to use wind energy include grinding perforate and pumping water. Wind is classed in categories of 1 through 7, with 7 being the highest and 1 being the lowest.A good bluster y weather source that has a class of 3 or higher is the east shoreline and along the Appalachian Mountains.North Dakota is an excellent wind source. The drawbacks of wind energy are that again, the technology is very luxurious and unaffordable, the equipment is acknowledged to be earsplitting natural world have been killed by successively into the turbines, and the wind might not be present at convinced stage all over the year.PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) CELLSPHOTOVOLTAICS PV cells generate electrical energy from the sunlight.Resources used in computer chips are alike(p) to resources used in PV cells.These resources soak up the sunlight, which frees the electrons from their atoms and mandates them to produce the electricity. PV cells are frightful because they dont entail high continuation, are very reliable and dependable, and dont produce pollutants. pull down though it is better to use renewable energy, we immobile have to use some type of relic fuels.We can, nevertheless, make the pa ramount choices, by utilise standard gas for water heating and power domestic device, which not only is better for the environment, but costs effective as well. The blackball aspect to this power resource is that it costs more than other energy sources and tends to work in actual fact only when the sun is immaculate.THE Nigerian ENERGY SITUATIONFrom the residence expansion based evaluation exposition on the Niger Delta Environment, it was acknowledged that water and oil which are the two productive normal resources in the region are the springs and grounds of miserable deficiency. The resembling can be said about vigor possessions such as gas, coal etc. in Nigeria, which is in huge large quantity, save there is energy dearth in the country. temper ChangeClimate change is like the Sword of Damocles hanging over humanity. It is simply the process by which human emissions of Greenhouse Gases are believed to be causing changes in the Earths climate system. The emission of Green H ouse Gases (mostly from anthropogenic activities) into the atmosphere, turn out to deplete the ozone layer that absorbs/shields the atmosphere of intensive sun radiation and in turn makes the planet earth unduly warm with resultant variations in climate conditions. This phenomenon is known as climate change. It brings about global thaw that is responsible for increases in extreme weather conditions, rise in sea level, storms, floods, decrease in rainfalls, droughts, impairment of the ecosystems and its biodiversities which human life depends on, rapidly melting glaciers, destabilization of major ice sheets, desertification, decrease in pastoral produce etc.Government effortGovernment effort in the area of developing energy sector to the melioration of the poor status quo is on-going as seen in the afoot(predicate) legislative process on national energy bill for an act that will lead to the establishment of a national agency that will take charge of regulating, enforcing policie s and developing the energy sector in Nigeria. Just as we now have the National atomic Regulatory Authority (NNRA), so we hope to have the national energy regulatory agency when the bill is enacted into law. Yet, if we must achieve energy efficiency, gas flaring must not exist and in the face of governments deter effort in that direction, much is expected to be done, particularly by the civil society. Although the issuance of deadline for flares-out, January 2008 is reasonable, whereas its commitment to realizing it is absolutely discouraging due to lack of compliance on cash calls to the tune of $4 one thousand million (N508 billion) yearly for joint profess projects (JVP). This is due to the fact that the national Government through NNPC owns the largest game in the JVP. The oil/gas sector have since been working on unhomogeneous gas utilization projects, by way of using gas for power generation to, at least, improve epileptic nature of power bring out in the country, whi le some are working on merchandise the gas.On Gas-to-Power ProjectThe International Finance Institutions (IFIs) and the World Bank are currently assisting the Agips Kwale Partners Flaring- drop-off to use the natural gas to generate electricity. The project is further strengthenered by Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) a Public Private Partnership (PPP) project and is to be registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kwale Partners Flaring Reduction Project which is 40% stake to Nigerian AGIP and 60% to NNPC, will be the basic to put associated natural gas into generating electricity in Nigeria and will eliminate 1.5 one thousand gazillion tons of CO2 thus becoming the tenth largest in the 2,160 projects in CDP pipeline of Kyoto Protocol. There are also plans to build a $10billion (N1.27 trillion) gas pipeline network across the Sahara Desert through Niger, Algeria, across the Mediterranean for export of gas from Nigeria to Europe by Shell. In access to that, the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project spearheaded by stripe is to also export gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo and gold coast, with capacity of 75 billion cubit feet a year and would cost $590 million (N74.6 billion). SPDC, NNPC are equally partners in the project. And for Ghana Pipeline stretch, the World Bank has already provided guarantee for $50 million (N6.3 billion) while $75million (N9.5billion) political risk guarantee has also been provided for West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAGPCO) that will operate the project. Chevron has 36.7 % stake in WAGPCO, Shell, Tokoradi Power Company Limited of Ghana, Togolaise de Gaz and Societe Beninoise de Gaz are other shareholders in the company.Impacts and StatisticsMeanwhile, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOOA) in its studies revealed that Nigeria flares 75% of its Natural gas for lack of processing facilities and that amounted to 20% of flared gas Worldwide. Second ly, according to Earth Trend Country Profile 2003, its report on Nigeria shows that Nigeria flares 2.5billion third-dimensional feet per day of associated gas and that represents 40% of all natural gas consumed in the continent of Africa and further represents the genius largest sources of GHG emissions on planet earth. On that honor the Nigerian Government is doubling its effort in seeking support on how to tackle the issue of flares-out. Presently, the Government is seeking assistance from Norway, while World Bank is presently mediating between it and the Multinational oil/gas companies for a compromise on the ultimatum to end gas flaring January 2008.sustainable HOUSING IN NIGERIAOne may perchance be evoke to put why accent is being positioned on the trapping. Firstly of all mans basic needs, housing questionably, constitutes and incontrovertibly poses the supreme challenge.Secondly, dynamic and lighthearted adaption sectors are a proposition of a physically powerful syllab us of countrywide investment and are to be sure the groundwork of and the beginning(a) step to future monetary growth and social development.The unpleasant housing de prevailry is consequently a most important factor in the nations gross domestic product (GDP) and indeed this reflects the mirror and the gauge of the tell of health of the Nation.Financially viable activities are well recognized to include all aspects of human enterprise that are heading for towards the conception of wealth. It is also known that one of the foundations of person needs is to try to find to cast up our self worth by civilizing our living standards.Economic growth is indeed a natural hunt in any individual set-up as such enhancements is predictable to lead to amplified wealth and affluence both for individuals and the accomplish nation.In regulate to restrain the heightened deficiency of sanctuary in the country, the NHP for the period spanning 1994 to 1998 was probable to build 121,000 housing unit s. In addition, the amount of Licensed immemorial Mortgage Finance Institutions (LPMFI) rose from 251 in 1993 to 276 in 1994. However, by the end of 1998, it has declined to 115. Similarly, the Federal Government resources disbursement on somewhere to live increase by over 500 per cent to N4818.3 million in 1995 from N776.7 million in 1988, but deteriorates slightly by about to per cent to N722.0 million in 1998 (CBN 1994 and 1998). The Federal and the State Government were probable to spend N2.7 billion on housing provision during the 1996-8 NRP. Over N3.0 billion was expected to be spending by the two levels of governments during the 1999-2001 NRP (NPC, 1998 and 2000). Regardless of all these interferences and inventions and huge investments in housing requirements since the colonial times and to date, Nigerias housing problems still remain intractable. In fact, access to decent shelter has wretched for increasing segments of the urban population in Nigeria. For instance, it was reported that out of 121,000 housing units be down for to be built between 1994 and 1995, only 1,014 houses were completed (CBN, 1994 and 1998 and Vision 2010 Main Report). Also, it was estimated that about 85 per cent of urban population live in single rooms, and the number of tenants per room range from 8 to 12 with adverse effects on sanitation and health. The deteriorating housing situation in Nigeria, especially at the urban centers is too critical to leave for government to level out alone.Nigeria is the 6th biggest creator of unfinished oil in the privileged confederation known as OPEC, whose members account for over two -third of the worlds total provide of this product. Also the countrys anticipated reserves of natural gas runs into billions of metric tones and the first train of the liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has recently being shipped out with theconstruction all fully committed to purchases from abroad. In terms of receipts earning capability and latent, it is worth mentioning that Nigeria to date has realized over S200 billion from crude oil oil sales.For a country that could blow your own horn of such huge amount of possessions, it is very saddening and disturbing to note that very superficial of the pay packet have been put into use to boost the muckle of the lodgement Industry and infrastructure. The industry should have seen a lot more commotion and government support, in large scale development schemes, and improvement and providing of infrastructure provision of large scale community housing, creating and getting higher new towns. A superficial look at the present state of the housing condition tells an obtrusive tale of a huge conundrum An absurdity of achieving so little with so many donations A stones throw of inadequacy of the government that should to provide the lead. And so today the somewhere to live stipulation is in a state of down for the count, neither end nor livingSTATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NIGERIAWind Energy Pot entials Internationally, Nigeria is positioned within short to moderate wind liveliness zone. Ojosu and Salawu (1989) carried out the most inclusive on a national scale study on current of air get-up-and-go accessibility and latent in Nigeria. The alteration uses facts on Wind speeds and guidelines for 22 meteorological Stations from the Nigerian meteorologic office, Oshodi near Lagos. The meteorological data are based on the 3-hourly records of wind for periods ranging from 12 to 33 years (1951 1983) The insolvents at 10m heights are wasted and four different wind zones/regimes are identified .The wind energy probable for wind energy consumption in Nigeria is broadly considered (Ojosu and Salawu, 1990).Solar Energy Resources in Nigeria According to Bala et al (2000), Nigeria is gifted with a twelve-monthly normal daily brightness of 6.25 hours, ranging between about 3.5 hours at the coastal areas and 9.0 hours at the far northern spring (Figure 8). Correspondingly, it has an an nual average daily solar emission of about 5.25 KW/m2/day, varying between about 3.5 kWm2/day at the coastal Area and 7.0kW/m2/day at the northern boundary (8). Nigeria accepts on the subject of 4.851x 1012 KWh of energy per day from the sun. This is the same to about 1.082 million tones of oil Equivalent (mtoe) per day, and is about 4 thousand times the current daily crude oil diminution, and about 13 thousand times that of natural gas daily construction based on energy unit. This huge energy resource from the sun is available for about 26% only of the day. The country is also characterized with some cold and dusty impression during the harmattan, in its northern part, for a period of about four months (November-February) annually (13). The dust has an attenuating effect on the solar radiation intensity (Bala, et al, 2001).Biogas Energy Resources Akinbami et al (2001)s consideration indicated that in Nigeria, notorious feedstock substrate for an economically reasonable biogas progr am embraces water lettuee, water hyacinth, dung, cassava leave, urban refuse, solid (including industrial) waste, agricultural residues and sewage. Various farming and domestic animals resources and their coupled residues have the prospective substrates for biogas production in the country. Akinbami et al (2001)s views include the following Nigeria produces about 227,500 tons of unfermented animal wastes daily. Since 1 kilogram (kg) of fresh animal wastes produces about 0.03 m3 gas, then Nigeria can produce about 6.8 million m3 of biogas every day. In addition to all these, 20kg of municipal solid wastes (MSW) per capital has been estimated to be generated within the country annually. By the 1991 census figure of 88.5 million inhabitants, the full amount generated MSW will be at least 1.77 million tones every year. With escalating urbanization and industrialization, the annual MSW generated will maintain to increase. Biogas construction may therefore be a money-spinning means of fa lling or even eliminate the peril and annoyances of urban waste in many cities by recycle them.REFERENCESAbumere S. (1987) urbanisation and Urban Design in Nigeria in Onibokun A.C, Olokesusi et al Urban Reveiwal In Nigeria Agbola Tunde (1998) The Housing of Nigerian A review of policy development and Implementation. Research Report No.14. CBN (1990-1998) Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Central Bank of Nigeria Abuja. CBN (1993-1997) Statistical publicise (Various issues) CBN Abuja Falegan S.B. (1985) Housing Finance and Funding The Nigeria Experience In(ed) Onibokun, Poju Housing in Nigeria (A book of reading) NISER. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1994) Social Statistics in Nigeria FOS Abuja Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1997) Social Statistics in Nigeria, FOS, Abuja Federal Office of Statistics(FOS) (1999) Poverty profile for Nigeria (1980-1996) FOS Abuja Federal Ministry of Works And Housing (2001) Publication in Policy News Journal June 4, 2001. Policy strateg ies should be targeted towards sustainable, eco-friendly alternative energy sources. The government should set up the Ministry of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. Develop adequate policies with input from the civil society to address renewable energy and energy efficiency Nigerian government should encourage the use of solar energy to provide electricity for her populace State government be encourage to generate alternative energy sources Civil society and NGOs must be involved in the planning and implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency policy Capacity build should be step up to empower communities to advocate for renewable energy and energy efficiency Nigerian government and local NGOs should develop partnership with international agencies to develop renewable energy and energy efficiency The importation of renewable energy products should be duty free to encourage the development in Nigeria The government should promote the mapping of renewable energy and energy efficiency centers Mainstream gender in the energy sector through policy formulation and implementation The government should increase budgetary allocation to energy sector for research and development of alternative energy in Nigeria Enhance strategic integration of applicable stakeholders groups into all policies on renewable energy

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay knowledge indexCost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a technique which seeks to bring greater objectivity into the decision make. It is a well known evaluation technique that is extensively engaged by both public and private organisations to abide the decision make act upon. It loafer be useful to almost all kind of decision in any kind of field. It is helpful to constitute all the relevant benefits and be of a particular scheme and to fix them in monetary impairment. The practice arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s for use in the transportation sector. CBA techniques were extended to cover a wide range of employments, such(prenominal) as water resource management, motorways, nationalized industries, drome locations, forestry, recreational facilities and a wide range of urban investment befuddles (Paul, 2000). offstage sector, direct monetary be and benefits determines the profitability and increases the output and investment. All ter ms and benefits in public sector, affected by an investment must be evaluated in several(prenominal) other way. Welf atomic fleck 18 stintings helps to resolve such issues as how to assess be and benefits of a non-monetary environment how to assess the partnership benefits when no charge made for public facility and how to fiddle with the market failure.Cost Benefit AnalysisCBA rests on the recognition of a potential difference P beto development. The basis for this is the proposition that, a decision is justified if those who benefit from it could enshroud by those who lose by it. Compensation makes not rattling occur. What is essential is that the expenses of a insurance policy to those who suffer the costs atomic number 18 exceeded by the determine that beneficiaries place on it. This whitethorn still re primary(prenominal) on an adequate basis for judgment because CBA attempts to ascertain whether the resources are being utilize efficiently. It go forth often b e the case that the occurrence of costs and benefits, i.e. who bears them, ordain moreover be very important. CBA may provide a material designed to identify accurately where the costs and benefits fall, so that a policy-making judgement may be completed as to their satisfactoriness.CBA is a wide employ technique which evaluates public spending and aims to avoid inappropriate diffusion of public resources. In theory, it helps public decision-makers to invest only in the forecasts that produce more profitability from the viewpoint of the community.To function perfectly, the CBA procedure needs to be engaged prior to the decision is made, so that the potential of the range of project proposals can be compared and evaluated. It aims to evaluate the organize of direct and indirect effectuate of a project, its monetary and non- monetary effects on the set of economic agents relate with the investment. These effects are then synthesized, after monetary evaluation, to check a socio-economic balance which establishes the return on the investment, with this return being estimated on the basis of specific indicators (Auzannet, 1997).According to Boardman et al. (2006) the major steps in CBA are as followsSpecify the set of alternative projectsDecide whose benefits and cost believeCatalogue the impacts and select measurement indicatorsPredict the impacts quantitatively over the life story of the projectMonetize (attach dollar values to) all impactsDiscount benefits and costs to obtain apply valuesPerform sensitivity synopsis pack a recommendationHistory and Uses of CBAAt present, CBA is being used in both government and international organization. While certain concepts of the technique oriented from Europe in 1840s, the use of CBA in environmental economics is relatively a mod incidence which is becoming recognized after regulations were set by the US government. And this made the use of CBA compulsory in the thirties (E.J. Mishan and Euston, 2007). I t was used to generate a solution toward the problems of water provision. After creation War II, there was pressure towards the talent in government and the look for was on for ways to make sure that the public funds were efficiently utilised in major public investments. This resulted in the beginnings of the fusion of the new public assistance economics, which was essentially a Cost-Benefit Analysis and practical decision-making. This particular process arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s in back of the transportation sector. It was applied to the construction of M1 motorway and the Victoria line on the underground (Economic Labour Market Review, December 2008). In recent years, it is prize as the major appraisal technique for public investments and public policy.Principles of CBA on that point are eight basic principles under this CBA ((S.L. Kirama, 2010). These areThere must be a common unit of measurementCBA valuations should represent consumers or producers valuations as revealed by their actual behaviour.Benefits are usually measured by market choices nigh measurements of benefits require the valuation of human lifeThe analysis of project should involve a with or without comparisonCBA involves particular employment areaDouble counting of benefits or costs must be avoidedDecision criteria projectsEmergence of CBACBA allows different projects to be ranked according to highest judge net gains in social eudaimonia. This gives important limitations of government spending. The principal(prenominal) stages in CBA approaches are (Geoff Riley, 2006),Calculation of social costs and benefits. This includes direct costs, indirect costs and the benefitsSensitivity analysis of event occurringDiscounting the future value of benefitsComparing the costs and benefitsComparing the net rate of benefitsThe Application of CBAIn the private sector, financial CBA is used to justify equipment and technology investment, measure life cycle costs, come upon regulatio ns cost-effectively and quantify hidden costs and intangible benefits. It is withal useful to base how outsourcing and leasing can result in cost savings and how quality improvements can affect returns. Social CBA is being used to evaluate the social merit of projects or policies.In practice CBA vary between countries and sectors at bottom countries. The main differences include the types of impacts that are being included as costs and benefits at bottom the assessment procedure. This is an extent to which the impacts are expressed in monetary terms and difference in discount rate between countries. The public CBA may also vary from private CBA (S.L. Kirama, 2010). CBA is likely to beget its main habitude within the public sector where (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004)Price signals are insufficient to charge investment decisionsSpill-over benefits and costs are important owing to the magnitude of the schemesThe wellbeing of unborn generations has to be allowedKey Concepts in CB AThere are some key concepts in CBA. There are present value, discount rates, prospect costs, cost and benefits, discounting, net present value, shadow prices, etc. (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004).political science Decision- makingGovernment may take the form of regulation such as twist regulation to reduce fire hazards, taxes or subsides or providing goods and services. The main difficulty in many public-sectors is that the goods are provided free of charge or below the market price. So they are forced to focus on short-term special effects of the financial system and the long-standing sustainability of the public finances.Government decisions depend on subjective political considerations. For example, obtaining a social mix in council housing may be providing an expensive residential area. However, public investments have serious defects.The one-man, one-vote principle does not weight votes according to the intensity of welfare gain or lost. Therefore, majority of the decision a llow two voters marginally in favour of a scheme to outvote one who strongly opposes it in spite of the fact that the sum of their benefits is less than the costs put down on the single opponent.Political decisions are important one-sided. Economic efficiency in resource allocation requires that objective criteria should be used as far as it is feasible.The extension of government involvement in the scrimping has change magnitude the weight and complexity of decisions which needs to be made at government level. Many argument says that decentralisation of decision-making is desirable.Application to Construction fabricationGovernment is basically responsible for roads, bridges, airports, parks, amenity land, new urban areas and housing. CBA is usually being favoured by many transportation economists. It assesses the entire benefits and costs associated with passage project, including both capital and user costs. In this case, project requires less cost but provides more benefi ts right through the analysis period which are chosen first. CBA estimates the costs in monetary terms. Traditionally, a benefit-cost ratio, net present value or internal rate of return is being used. new-fashioned research suggests that the net present value (NPV) may provide the exceed project selection measure if the transportation program is under financial constraints (Reed and Rutherford, 1997).The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Transportation SectorTransportation policy and scheduling decisions often engage workmanshipoffs between conflicting objectives. Most bridle-path cost allocation and investment evaluation studies are primarily concerned with direct market costs, such as road construction and maintenance, croak time, vehicle operating costs and crash damages. These vary depending on vehicle type and roadway conditions. They assume that the total amount of vehicle get going does not change, so were unconcerned with vehicle ownership and parking costs. some other types of studies incorporate environmental impacts, primarily air pollution, but sometimes it also includes intervention and water pollution, and various other categories of land usage impact. Some studies have only considered external costs avoiding the internal ones.CBA is extensively used within the transportation segment. CBA of transportation investment projects tend to neglect long-run environmental consequences and needs among the community group with a low ability to pay. It has been emerged as one of the most used tools in deciding the viability of proposed al-Qaeda projects. The predictions regarding the impact of such projects are often problematic uncertain. The transport copy tools are used in order to estimate positive as well as the negative impacts.Case Study Heathrow Terminal 5In this case, the British Airport Authority (BAA) planning to build close 5 the cost is approximately almost 4 billion. Planning application was submitted in February 1993 (Heathrow T5, October 2005). They were considering the following benefits, such asEconomic growth call for for air travel in south-east England is forecasted to be doubled in the next 20 years, making the expansion seems to be essential within the Air travel perseverance. This in turn might create thousands of jobs and businesses depending on the Heathrow airport expansion in order to provide sufficient submit capacity to meet the growing demand. An increase in the capacity of Heathrow will make maximum usage of airports existing infrastructure and land.The economy and trade if it does not meet demand, UK will lose its airlines and foreign investments within the other European regions. The benefits of a world-beating industry would be reduced. Therefore, many sectors of our aviation industry will have a comparative advantage and might extend huge sums to our balance of payments.Jobs This project will create job opportunities which are estimated to be around 16,500. And it may also create 6,000 construction jobs during the building phase. This will have multiplier effects on the local / regional and national economy.Transport The terminal will be the centre of a world-class transport exchange, with new Tube and rail links. Car business would rise only slightly. The social costs of increased traffic over-crowding have been exaggerated by the environmentalists.Environment The site which has been allocated for terminal 5 is currently a disused sludge works. And any displace wildlife and kit and boodle life will be carefully relocated. The noise climate around Heathrow Airport has been improving for many years, even despite the fact that the number of aircraft movements has increased considerably partly due to the phasing out of older, nosier aircraft.Noise and nighttime flight BAA promises no increase in boilers suit noise levels or in night flights. The number of flights will be increased by 8%.(Source http//tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-cost-benef it-analysis.html)Objections are being raised against this project but those were not enough to refuse the planning permission.ConclusionCBA provides a rational technique for the evaluation of projects where market information is either non-existent or deficient. But it should not make false claims for objectivity by dealings in precise sums. However it is helpful for decision-making purposes, it is not an alternative for it. Further, CBA is potentially a useful aid towards planning decisions and it does not avoid the need to make value judgements in the evaluation of intangible arising from different projects. The overall conclusions are to be drawn from the assessment of costs and benefits. However, such value judgements are made clear in the evaluation decision making process.

Mergers and Acquisitions in SME Lending

Mergers and Acquisitions in SME LendingCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONIn the accomplish of industrialization shrimpy subscriber line plays an important and frugal appendage. It incr residuums per capital in vex and yield, makes available conflicts for the labour grocery and usu all(prenominal)y promotes successful deployment of resources which atomic number 18 considered vital to steering of economic organic evolution and growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better penetration to finances because they salvage poerty by creating more jobs and better wages. ( Emeni and Okafor 2008).In many of the essential economies and developing economies both have come to value, realise and appreciate infinitesimal product linees. Being that pure subscriber line be pi oneering, tumesce-organized, resourceful and allows fast decisions bear on to be taken because of their relative teensy-weensy coat. They argon major players in the process of industrialization and economic development. ( Ememi and Okafor, 2008)In most up-and-coming dry land of the world, menialer and speciality enterprises (SMEs) have become the vanguard of economic expansion. They pass water employment opportunities as the most significant employer of labour force in addition they add-on the nations per capital income and output invariably increasing the gross domestic product by effective resource utilization. Also in large genuine nations, SMEs plays a noteworthy role in influencing the economy. Taking China for example, SMEs are said to be accountable for sixty percent of the industrial output employing seventy-five percent of the workforce in the metropolitan centres. ( Anas A.Galadima, 2006). any over the world and in all country, government have come to realise the significant of this class of companies. And as such have originated all-encompassing policies to encourage, give confidence, support and promote the substantiation of SMEs. Improvements in small and median(a) enterprise are a plus for employment geneproportionn, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local edged materials and technology. (Oladele, 2009).There are a lot of challenges that SMEs face in both the developed and developing countries and they are massive. One main(prenominal) aspect is financing, the ability to obtain and capture loans. Most small tradees are not attractive prospects for commits. Berger et al. ( 1998) suggest that large swans may be less predisposed than smaller avers with less interwoven structure, to supply credence to small businesses. Back home in Nigeria the colloquy is very similar with the on-going of other country. But of late the Bankers Committee intervened in 2001 with a scheme called the teentsy and Medium Industries Equity Investment strategy (SMIEIS). The idea brought life and empowerment to SMEs discarding all other credit schemes which were not properly implemented. (Aina, O . 2007).Nigerian banking reform is a product of global front and desegregation is one of its major achievement that everyone have welcomed happily. This consolidation beat has greatly enhance the average magnitude and size of banking world generally. The mean value size of the total pluss of banks has increased by 439% from 2003 2009, recording =N=2767.78 one million million to =N=14,923.00 billion banks total assets figure (CBN report 2009).Prior to the institution of banking reform, the banking sector was repulsively undersized, small, weak and frail, leading to numerous and several economic setback.Besides the benefits related to consolidation on the supply of credit to small and medium enterprises, amalgamation and acquisition have too increase the size of banks from small less complex establishment to conglomerate multinational companies in Nigeria.These includes mobilization of domestic savings, improved allocation of resources, elimination of deep-rooted inefficienc y , mobilization of foreign savings and supra all enhanced accessibility of small scale funding. But in all these what is less comprehensible, is the effect that bank MA has on the supply of credit to small businesses in Nigeria.(Emeni and Okafor, 2008). colligate LiteratureOther related studies have established some well renowned facts on the effect of consolidation on small business alter. In a modern article Berger, Allen N., R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. (1999) suggest that consolidation is and valuable and favourable to a certain extent. The consequences of consolidation could have plow and also validating effects. The mail effect being an increases in bank size, increase in market share and enhance bank effect, the indirect effect can be a reduction in the availableness of pecuniary services to small businesses. (Berger, Allen N. R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. 1999).Other studies Vera and Onji (2010) illustrate that because most small businesses depend greatly on less complex small banking institution for their principal source of funding, consolidation of the banking industry may reduce ease of access of loans to small business in the US.Earlier searchers find that small businesses have not been unfavourably affected by bank merger and acquisition on making credit available to small business (Peek and Rosengren 1995, 1998 Berger et al. 1995). This is because these studies relied on data up to the mid-1990, while data as at 1995-1997 being the peak of consolidation were not fully employed. This has proven to be of interest to further scrutinize whether the new wave of consolidation may affect small businesses differently. In view of this importance piece of selective information and the imperfection of the market mechanism to mobilise and allocate monetary resources to socially desirable economic activities of any nation it is worthwhile to investigate the kindred between merger and acquisition and credit approachability.Based on the above backgro und, the enthusiasm and indigence of this research is to critically scrutinize and observe if at that place is any relationship, or connection between bank mergers and acquisitions as a resourceful solution to lending.This probe, therefore, want to investigate and find evidence that consolidation between banks of diver structure and asset base that occurred as a result of the Nigerian banking reform of 2004, could negatively affect small business lending. This is the reason why we choose to ascertain the effect of MA to SMEs in Nigeria.Aim and ObjectiveAimThe main purpose of this dissertation is to examine whether bank mergers and acquisitions are a resourceful solution to lending to SMEs. As a result the main research question isDo banks mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SMEs?This leads to a number of sub-questionsDoes financial exercise in the banking sector adversely affected small business lending after MA occurs?What other factors affects or is responsible for credit availability to SMEs from the Nigerian banks?To present key findings and recommendation based on data analysis and information collected.Research MethodologyThere are several research methods that could have been used in this work, such as a Questionnaire based survey with the distribution of questionnaire. Carrying out direct interviews with Small business owner and Bank managers or loan officers is also an effective means to collection of data information.Since the main purpose of this matter is to examine if bank mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SME, we will be using accounting based financial ratio analysis. The use of financial ratio in measuring a banks performance and its effectiveness to distinguish high-performance banks from others is quite common in the literary works (Abdulla, 1994a Samad, 2004a).Data SampleTen Nigerian commercial banks which have in effect been consolidated with other smaller banks wi ll be considered in this study over the period of 2000-2009 based on the following reasons First, these banks are broad established locally incorporated banks in Nigeria. Secondly they have been pertain in the consolidation process from small bank to mega banks, passing through with(predicate) the premerger phase up to the post merger phase. Thirdly the period 2000-2009 effectively covers the span before consolidation and after consolidation. The data that will be used in this study is taken from Bank Scope. The annual financial statement of the top ten commercial banks based on their asset base. All the figures are expressed in Naira (=N=) the Nigeria indigenous currency.Since one of our depends is to examine whether the amount of small business lending is affected by the new consolidation legislation passed by Nigeria government on bank reform, we will also be comparing the figures from the statutory reserve. This is mandatory for all commercial banks in Nigeria to invest 10% of their profit before taxation to Small and Medium Enterprise Equity Investment Scheme. It is more promising that we will capture the total amount of small business lending that is actually supplied to small businesses within Nigeria.Dissertation StructureThe dissertation is break into five chaptersChapter one is the introduction of the dissertation topic, related studies and the motivation for the prime(prenominal) of the dissertationChapter two focuses on the Nigeria banking sector, how the banking sector has developed in Nigeria over the years. Covering the history of the Nigerian banking sector divided into four periods the bud period, the expansion period, the consolidated period and the post-consolidated period. High lighting major financial developments from liberalisation that saw the existence of 87 banks to the consolidation of banks by the key Bank of Nigeria deadline of 2005.Chapter three is a literature review on donnish literature and analytical view on merger a nd acquisition and its possible action in banking. This chapter aims at providing a complete picture of bank mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in the theory of banking and at offering economic evaluation and strategic analyses of the process. The main characteristics of this process is how it has affected lending to small businessChapter four introduces the Small and Medium Enterprises, what they are, why they exist. This Section will review some recent literature that is particularly relevant to the effect of bank consolidation on small business lending.Chapter five discusses the empirical results, in which the main findings of the performance of the banks during the period 2002 2009 are analysed.This last chapter, Chapter six concludes and highlights the limitations of the study and recommendations for the future researchSummaryWe have been able to introduce the topic of the dissertation and the motivation behind why it was considered important to investigate funding of the small a nd medium enterprises. Small business play vital role in the process of industrialization and economic growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better access to finances because they alleviate poverty by creating more jobs and better wages. Developments in small and medium enterprise are a plus for employment generation, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local raw materials and technology. Governments all over the world have realised the importance of this socio-economic class of companies and have formulated comprehensive public policies to encourage, support and fund the establishment of SMEs. The most worrying challenges facing SMEs in many developing countries is funding.In the next chapter we will be reviewing the Nigerian banking system. We will be tone at a brief history of the Nigerian banking system dividing its growth into four phases, and retrieve how it has evolved from many smaller banks into fe wer mega banks. We shall also be looking at the major regulators of this industry and see how they have effectively influence the actions that has lead to merger and acquisition in the banking industry. Also see how the merger and acquisition phase has influenced lending to the small business through the new monetary policies on SMEEIS and Microfinance banks to aid economic growth, which is the main aim of this dissertation.

Superstar Is A Team Economics Essay

Super sentience Is A Team economics EssaySuperstar is a police squad use to describe that the people who got special who is widely known, adult and successful to dominate the fields in which they engage and virtuosos normally earning punkacious sum ups of capital. This placevas is assay to explain and compendium this phenomenon in the outwear commercial messageize of sports industry. The reason for the champ phenomenon might cause by many an(prenominal) elements. business in the world of sports, as noned by Neale (1964), is decidedly antithetical from increaseion in most otherwise foodstuffs. Argentine professional football gameer, Li championl Messi is the worlds high geargonst-paid football instrumentalist, The talisman of Barcelona, Messi ,earns some 33 million euros ($43.5 million) a year with a 10.5-million-euro allowance, 1.5 million euros in bonuses and 21 million euros in advertising and other contracts. (Levine, 1991)This salary might be far mor e than normal worker. on that point ar many reasons for the tops(p) star phenomenon and the crusade grocery store of superstar go out be analysis in the rest part of the essay. This essay is aim to use economic science model to explain the reason of the high salary for super stars in sport industry.Main body copy that the labour foodstuffplace is perfect for athletes. Players atomic number 18 all identical. The labour market fucking be explained by the perfect competition model. In the control 1, profit maximization requires that the MRP curve cut the MC curve from above. The true gives up profits if it operates at point a because minimal brain dysfunctioning units of labour beyond the intersection tag ons more to revenue than it adds to costs. Once the firm r for each onees point b, adding more labour would result in the costs of each unit macrocosm high than the revenue that unit generates. In long-run equilibrium in a abruptly rivalrous industry in a perfectly competitory industry nevertheless normal profits argon earned. At that situation lockment would be at E1, and the lock at W1, since ARP play off to MC. If above normal profits were being earned by the firms in a perfectly competitive industry average revenue output would be forced mountain by the entry of new firms.(Figure 1)In labour market of sports industry, monopsonist market means that there atomic number 18 too few of profaneers so that the outlay of labour increases if a team attempts to employ more. (Sandy et al, 2004) Assume all the firms in the league are aim for profit-maximized. The monopoly major power of sports cabarets makes the question of motives beta because the monopolies have much more discretion oer pricing and output aims than do competitive companies.A model (Figure 2) is employ to determinate the salary for athletes. Team rosters are usually fixed and it is more sensible to consider the sum of labor in teams in units of flavor rather than in the number of pretenders. Even if the rosters were not fixed, if a floorshow already has many players it may not be sensible to add another player of average quality. As superstars are extremely scarce, the supply of labor measure in quality units is not perfectly elastic. To add a unit of player quality the team has to leave a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality. Marginal factor cost (MFC) is cost of hiring an extra unit of quality. Marginal revenue product (MRP) is additional revenue that the league receives as a result of hiring each additional unit of quality.The wage that tem willing to pay will be located at the intersection of MFC and MRP because bare(a) cost equal to peripheral revenue is the maximum of profit. The profit will be maximized at W1 with L1 unit of player.(Figure 2)In the labour market of sports, athletes with outstanding talentss are monopolistic due to scarcity and restrictions on mobility, especially draft clay in US. The Agent or players unions excessively act as monopolists on broadside of there are very few union and most players are in the same union in each sport. The union helps player to bargain for their salary therefor it act as a whizz seller in the market. Similar to (Figure 2), the model (Figure 3) for players union determines the wage level for salary at the intersection of MRP and MC, where marginal cost equal to the marginal revenue product. The profit maximized for players union at W2 and L2 unit of player.(Figure 3)Because of the draft system in some sports is more special. For example in US, the teams drafted player from college and buy them. The trade, with only one seller and one emptor involved, has been defined as Bilateral Monopoly. The model of Bilateral Monopoly (Figure 4) is like combination of (Figure 2) and (Figure 3).The W1 stands for Monopoly wage and W2 is Monopsony wage. The salary will be between W1 and W2 depend on the bargain.(Figure 4)In superstar markets, tiny diffe rences in talent at the top of the distri scarcelyion will translate into man-sized differences in revenue. sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, and sell much larger quantities their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices (Rosen etc. 1981), Just like the (Figure 4).As the talent of player getting death to the top along the curve, little tiny change of talent tramp cause significant change in the salaryhe reason for this phenomenon is because the special expertnesss are had to copy and it has been defined as productive of the players.(Figure 5)For non-team sports the difference is much easier to bechance that widely spread prize bills. As Non- team sports normally move into not have salary, the prize reward monitoring the relationship of the talent and the earning. An example is the prize reward of Wimbledon Tennis Championships, first prize money is 1,150 thousan d pounds and the second places prize is 575 thousand pounds, the rest of players only constituent very little amount of money. (Hogg, 2012)The reason for this is because of the match host laborious to have more attraction of latter game and match. The Tournament possibleness has the same pattern of (Figure 4). The theory used to describe certain situations where wage differences are free radicald not on marginal productivity but instead upon relative differences between the individuals.In the study of labour market of super star, Sherwin Rosen (1981) found that threats of potential entry force the market became equilibrium. superfluous entry implies that total revenue must be driven down to opportunity cost P2 .Assume the buyer paid at P1.the value repletion the P2 is profit and another seller would like to join in the market to share the profit .This behaviour will definitely shift price to P1 and makes profit to zero.(Figure 6)Even professional player are only for one kind o f sport, but individual player have different talents they cannot only when shown by (Figure 5). because using (Figure 7) to explain the situation. The superstars can make profit base on their unique talents. There are limitations of distance of competitors and unit rent, but total revenue for superstars still large because of scales economies. There might be a lot of people can do the similar skill but one skill by a professional player is still very special. Since the services produced by more talented sellers are less contaminated by crowding, the quantity-price gradient grows as talent increases. Therefore the better sellers can and do handle much larger players in equilibrium.(Figure 7)Hausman and Leonard (1997) found the presence of stars had a substantial effect on television set ratings, even after controlling for team quality. Berri(2004) used data of NBA proven the relationship between the Gate revenue and the star player is significant. As Hausman argued, the star power attracts the fans. The analysis made by Berri (2004) also shows the star player have a strong relationship with number of wins, which also been assume as the performance of the team. A super star is not only upbeat the own team which also benefit the competitors. As the product of the sports game is normallyBroad casting has become an increase source for the revenue of most of sports league for the last several decades. In the case of the National Basketball Association, each teams financial situation depends importantly on the revenue it generates by its local television contracts and national television contracts. Television Station are willing to pay high levels of rights fees to NBA games because they can charge high advertising rates to advertisers and because they add incremental subscribers. Advertisers are attracted by sports programming because it provides access sizable numbers of the funs of super stars. The renowned case might be the return of Jordans first game, the highest NBA regular succession game rating since 1975, generated a rating of 10.9 %.( Hausman et al 1997) For example, Manchester joined benefit from the distribution and broadcasting of live football content directly from the revenue. The Manchester unite with huge amount of fun around the world helps the club with its commercial achievement and utility ( Hogg ,2012) .Since a super star can draw so much attention and increase large amount of revenue .it is no doubt that a club would like to pay such high salary to these professional players.For example, Manchester united generates revenue from seven-fold sources, including sponsorship, merchandising, product licensing, media and mobile, broadcasting and match day. The super stars effects are not only happen during the matches, but also for the league commercial revenue. The Manchester united is not only a club with super stars .It also trying to combines the power of super stars to build up its own snitch. Manchester United s ells competitive sports apparel, training and leisure wear and other clothing featuring the Manchester United brand on a ball-shaped basis. Over 5 million items of Manchester United branded licensed products were sold in the last year, including over 2 million Manchester United jerseys. Manchester United branded products are sold through over 200 licensees in over 130 countries. Super stars earing money when each product with their copy rights. ( Hogg ,2012)LimitationIn this article, many situations and factors in the real word has been neglected as it is easier to analysis the labour market. Firstly, there are uncertainties of hire a new player. Secondly, when a team sign the contract with a player in long term, there is no guarantee for the quality of performance. Thirdly, Team work is also important in the real world. Finally, the club is not able to keep solemnize players future quality and effect.Because of the superstar phenomenon, many experts believe it reduce the competit ive balance .Therefore ,some policy and rules has been used to prevent from it ,for instance, Luxury tax ,Salary cap and gate sharing increase the competitive balance.ConclusionThe labour market of superstar holds a key position in the analysis of the economics of sport and of professional team sports in particular, as a burden of monopsonists and monopolists. The situations in sports labour markets are bilateral monopolies with only one buyer and one seller and the wage for player is indeterminate. Super stars with special abilities are scarcity and restrictions on mobility. Professional plays earning far more than others for tiny talent change when the talent level is relatively high. The combination of technology phthisis and imperfect substitution leads to sport superstars can own a large market size and income at a same time. Power of super star also attracted fans and consumers to see their matches by live matches or broadcasting. Moreover, club can use the superstars to buil d up their brand and earing revenue from global basis funs. Even leagues of sports try to increasing the competitive balance of the labour market by using restrictions like salary cap however, it is work that super stars still deserve the high income and honour after the analysis all above.Reference BibliographyBerri, D. et al (2004) atomic number 82s at the Gate The Impact of Star Power on NBA Gate Revenues. journal of Sports economic science vol. 5 pp. 33-50Berri, D. et al (2006) On the Road With the National Basketball Associations Superstar Externality. Journal of Sports Economics vol. 7 pp. 347-358Depken, C.A. (2000), Free Agency and the Competitiveness of Major League baseball, recapitulation of Industrial Organisation, Vol. 14, pp. 205-17Frick, B. (2007). The football players labor market Empirical evidence from the major European leagues. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 5, 422-446.Hausman, J.A. and Leonard, G.K. (1997) Superstars in the NBA Economic apprise and Policy, Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 586-624Hogg, T (2012) Statistics and comparisons of annual incomes in the UK, 2010, Journal of Economics, Vol. 5, pp55-78Kahn, L. and Shah, M. (2005). Race, compensation and contract length in the NBA 2001-2 Industrial Relations, 44, 444-462.Levine, D.I.(1991) Cohesiveness, Productivity and affiance Dispersion, Journal of Econ. Behaviour and Oragnisations, Vol. 15, pp. 237-54.Porter, P.K. and Scully, G.W. (1982) Measuring Managerial Efficiency The case of baseball, gray Economic Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 642-50Rosen, S. (1981) The Economics of Superstars, American Economic Review, issue 5, pp. 845-58Rottenberg, S. (1956) The Baseball Players Labour marketplace, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 242-58.Scully, G.W.(1974) Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball, American Economic Review, Vol, 64, No. 6, pp. 915-30Sandy. R et al. (2004), The Economics of Sport An international Perspective, Palgrave Mac millan, New YorkToby ,M. et al.2003) The Over-Production of US Sports and the New International Division of Cultural Labor .International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Vol. 38 pp. 427-440WALLACE, M. (1988) Labor Market Structure and Salary Determination among Professional Basketball Players. Work and Occupations vol. 15 pp. 294-312

Ulysses S. Grant Essay -- essays research papers

Ulysses S. dole outAmerican General and 18th chair of the United States of America, Ulysses S. devote, was a ascertain war strategist who won the premier major Union victories during the well-be assimilated War however, political leadership proven to be far unlike from military leadership for Grant. piece in office from 1869-1877 Grant barely attempted to control events, made injudicious appointments to public office, and had official depravation taint his administration, although Grant himself was never say to be actually have been involved in this corruption.The military bread and butter had no charms for me, Grant utter later. After graduating from the Untied States military honorary society Grant was commissioned as Brevet 2nd Lieutenant, assigned to the quaternate U.S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, MO. While stationed at Jefferson Barracks Grant met his future wife, Julia Dent, who was the sis of one of Grants West raze classmates. This romance was temporarily interrupted however, when orders were disposed(p) that sent Grants regiment to the siemenswesterly frontier in may of 1844.When the south seceded from the Union Grant had no troubles making up his mind to shake for the Union cause. Grant organised the first group of Union volunteers in Galena and accompanied the men to Springfield. Grant longed for active duty and, on May 24, 1861, offered his services to the U.S. government, suggesting th... Ulysses S. Grant judge -- essays research papers Ulysses S. GrantAmerican General and 18th President of the United States of America, Ulysses S. Grant, was a master war strategist who won the first major Union victories during the Civil War however, political leadership proved to be far different from military leadership for Grant. While in office from 1869-1877 Grant scarcely attempted to control events, made injudicious appointments to public office, and had official corruption taint his administ ration, although Grant himself was never said to be actually have been involved in this corruption.The military life had no charms for me, Grant said later. After graduating from the Untied States military academy Grant was commissioned as Brevet 2nd Lieutenant, assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, MO. While stationed at Jefferson Barracks Grant met his future wife, Julia Dent, who was the sister of one of Grants West Point classmates. This romance was temporarily interrupted however, when orders were given that sent Grants regiment to the Southwest frontier in May of 1844.When the south seceded from the Union Grant had no troubles making up his mind to fight for the Union cause. Grant organized the first group of Union volunteers in Galena and accompanied the men to Springfield. Grant longed for active duty and, on May 24, 1861, offered his services to the U.S. government, suggesting th...

Prove the Correct Order of Reactivity of Metals :: Metal Reactivity Science Experiments Essays

go up the Correct Order of Reactivity of MetalsAimThe aim of this experiment is to decree a method of mathematic solelyyanalysing the order of metallic element reactivity. This involved finding a safe,dependant variable which is numerically measurable. After testing allthe metals and measuring such a variable, is my hope to set all of themetals into a proven, accurate order of activity.PlanEvery fixings of the periodic dishearten is made up of touchs. Each of theatoms consists of subatomic particles which mark up a nucleus andouter(a) orbits. The nucleus contains positively charged protons, andneutrally charged neutrons. These make up the relative mass of theatom. Orbiting the nucleus, attracted by the positive charge of theprotons, ar the electrons. This are arranged in layers, called nixlevels, and necessitate no mass. moreover a certain flesh of electrons fit oneach sinew level, and it is this which affects the reactivity ofcertain materials and is also the way that t he periodic table isarranged.The number of electrons in the outer energy level is the groupin which the element is placed. The first level (nearest the nucleus)will only hold 2 electrons, the act holds 8, and the third alsoseems to be full when it has 8 electrons.If all of the energy levels in the atom are full populated withelectrons, it is said to be stable, and in most cases, is whereforeunreactive. Examples of this include the noble (or inert) gases suchas neon or argon. However if the outer energy level of the atom is notstable, it will automatically try to either pee or lose electrons tobecome stable. This is achieved by an ionic reaction. Ionic bondingoccurs when the outer atoms of on material changes orbit and joinsanother material for example sodium chlorideAs you can see, sodium is a group one metal (it has one electron onits outer energy level) so is therefore unstable. Chlorine on theother hand is a group 7 element. It is much easier for sodium to loseits outer electr on to become stable, than it is for it to gain 7. Thesame is true for the chlorine gaining 1 as opposed to losing seven. whence the outer electron of the sodium switches orbits to thechlorine. This creates a Na+ ion and a Cl- ion. Because oppositesattract, it intend that the two substances create an ionic bond andform sodium chloride classify one metals are the most reactive as they only have one, easilyremoved, electron. However if you view the periodic table

The Promise of the Dietary Supplement :: Research Science Diet Essays

The tell of the Dietary SupplementFat Busters, Fat Trappers, Fat Magnets and Fat Absorbers all in all have one miraculous agent in common chitosan. wherefore is this supplement all the rage in todays weight loss market? Will chitosan live up to its touted potential?The dietetic supplement, chitosan is the processed, more water-soluble counterfeit of one of the most common substances in nature chitin (KITE-in). The exoskeletons of arthropods (ants, shellfish, etc.) and the walls of many molds, yeast and fungi contain this building encumber of nature.Chitosan was origin discovered in 1811 by Henri Braconnot, director of the botanical garden in Nancy, France. Bra abidenot observed that a certain substance (chitin) found in mushrooms did not dissolve in sulfuric acid. Over the last cc years, the exploration of chitosan has taken on many different forms. Several opposite researchers continue to build on the original finding of Bracannot, discovering new uses for chitin as t hey find different forms of it in nature.Chitosan aids in the reduction of triglycerides due(p) to its ability to bind dietary lipids, thereby reducing intestinal lipid absorption (Koide, 1998). Translation? Basically, chitin molecules have the ability to latch on to with child(p) metals, amino acids and FAT. Chitin may be able to soak up spicy in the intestine and flush it through the body before it can be absorbed. If effective, this process should lead to weight reduction.Neutralize fat, thus create weight loss Reduce cholesterol Provide a unhazardous and natural weight loss program with minimal / no cheek effects According to Sally Squires, in the March 28, 2000 issue of The cap Post, several factors involving chitosan should be considered before buying chitosan-based products1) The composition of chitin can turn depending on the seawater, the animal from which it is taken, and the time of year. There is no pure form that can be counted on.2) Following the Diet ary Supplement Health and edible Act in 1994, the FDA has a limited ability to regulate vitamins, minerals and otherwise dietary supplements (i.e. chitosan). It is, therefore, possible to stock shevles full of a product without providing cogitate scientific evidence.3) The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) won an $8.3 million creative thinker against a company violating federal consumer protection laws with false claims concerning chitin.4) The FTC lawsuit is the first of several additional (non FTC) suits for false claims regarding chitin and chitosan, including a lawsuit filed by two Napa and Sonoma counties in California.

Marcus Garvey Essay -- essays research papers fc

I believe one of the most influential African Americans of all eon is Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey achieved accomplishments in non just one, but many atomic number 18as. His accomplishments ranged from a world-wide Black political judicature, The Untied Negro Improvement Association, to the first, and to this day the largest Black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Lines. Marcus was criticized by many of his fellow African American leaders because many of his projects worked. In despite of that, Marcus Garvey talent to attract following towards his beliefs is inspiring. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born into a poor family on August 17, 1887 at St. Anns Bay, Jamaica. Marcus was born the youngest of 11 children. His father was a stonemason who supposedly descended from the maroons. Maroons are African American slaves who defended their freedom from British and Spanish invaders. Garvey had to itemize his primp in the unmixed African herit climb on of his parents. Marcus grew up and received humble education in Jamaica, so he was largely self-taught. At age 14 Marcus had to find work in a print obtain to help out his family. Marcus began to doubt the value of trade union subsequently he was involved the first printers strike of 1907. Marcus Garvey began to complain about the mistreatment of African workers to British authorities and was appalled by the little response and that unexpended him very skeptical about any hope for justice from the clean-living people (Rogoff 72). In 1912 Marcus Garvey studies abroad in London. He began writing African publications and became an avid supporter of African independence. I believe the turning stop in Marcus Garveys fight for African freedom and e tone of voice came by and by he read Booker T. Washingtons book, Up From Slavery. Garvey responded warmly to its thesis of total darkness self help? (Kranz, Koslow 86). With that notion in mind Marcus Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1914 ready to make a differ ence.Marcus was not observe for just one accomplishment is his lifetime, but many on them. When Marcus returned to Jamaica he got re-acquainted with a group of friends and founded the ecumenical Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which sought, among former(a) things, to work on black emigration to Africa. It also promoted racial pride, education, and black business activity. In Jamaica Garvey didn... ...y of Wisconsin Press. The reason I believe this is a quality book that deserves more study is because it involves Marcus Garveys most renowned accomplishment, the organization of the UNIA. It also shows how Marcus overcame his failures to become a black role model and leader. entirely of the books on Marcus Garvey show people that no matter what happens, wither you fail or succeed, you can become a successful person as long as you believe in what your doing. BIBLIOGRAPHYBlack Nationalism? encyclopedia Britannica Online. 24 Feb. 1999 http//www.eb.com180/bol/topic?eu=15698&sctn =1. Cronon, David E. Black Moses The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.Hill, Robert A. Marcus Garvey Life and Lessons. Calif. University of California Press, 1987.Krans, Rachel and Philip J. Koslow, The Biographical vocabulary Of African Americans. New York Checkmark Books, 1999.Rogoff, Edward G., John Trinkus, and Alvin Puryear. Perhaps the times have not yet caught up to Marcus Garvey, an early Champion of Ethnic Entrepreneurship.? Journal of half-size Business Management 3 (1998) 66-71